Recent advancement in Disease Diagnostic using machine learning: Systematic survey of decades, comparisons, and challenges

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), a vibrant medical imaging research field, is expanding quickly. Because errors in medical diagnostic systems might lead to seriously misleading medical treatments, major efforts have been made in recent years to improve computer-aided diagnostics applications. The use of machine learning in computer-aided diagnosis is crucial. A simple equation may result in a false indication of items like organs. Therefore, learning from examples is a vital component of pattern recognition. Pattern recognition and machine learning in the biomedical area promise to increase the precision of disease detection and diagnosis. They also support the decision-making process's objectivity. Machine learning provides a practical method for creating elegant and autonomous algorithms to analyze high-dimensional and multimodal bio-medical data. This review article examines machine-learning algorithms for detecting diseases, including hepatitis, diabetes, liver disease, dengue fever, and heart disease. It draws attention to the collection of machine learning techniques and algorithms employed in studying conditions and the ensuing decision-making process

LCDctCNN: Lung Cancer Diagnosis of CT scan Images Using CNN Based Model

The most deadly and life-threatening disease in the world is lung cancer. Though early diagnosis and accurate treatment are necessary for lowering the lung cancer mortality rate. A computerized tomography (CT) scan-based image is one of the most effective imaging techniques for lung cancer detection using deep learning models. In this article, we proposed a deep learning model-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) framework for the early detection of lung cancer using CT scan images. We also have analyzed other models for instance Inception V3, Xception, and ResNet-50 models to compare with our proposed model. We compared our models with each other considering the metrics of accuracy, Area Under Curve (AUC), recall, and loss. After evaluating the model's performance, we observed that CNN outperformed other models and has been shown to be promising compared to traditional methods. It achieved an accuracy of 92%, AUC of 98.21%, recall of 91.72%, and loss of 0.328.Comment: 8, accepted by 10th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN 2023

Eight pruning deep learning models for low storage and high-speed COVID-19 computed tomography lung segmentation and heatmap-based lesion localization: A multicenter study using COVLIAS 2.0.

COVLIAS 1.0: an automated lung segmentation was designed for COVID-19 diagnosis. It has issues related to storage space and speed. This study shows that COVLIAS 2.0 uses pruned AI (PAI) networks for improving both storage and speed, wiliest high performance on lung segmentation and lesion localization.ology: The proposed study uses multicenter ∼9,000 CT slices from two different nations, namely, CroMed from Croatia (80 patients, experimental data), and NovMed from Italy (72 patients, validation data). We hypothesize that by using pruning and evolutionary optimization algorithms, the size of the AI models can be reduced significantly, ensuring optimal performance. Eight different pruning techniques (i) differential evolution (DE), (ii) genetic algorithm (GA), (iii) particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), and (iv) whale optimization algorithm (WO) in two deep learning frameworks (i) Fully connected network (FCN) and (ii) SegNet were designed. COVLIAS 2.0 was validated using "Unseen NovMed" and benchmarked against MedSeg. Statistical tests for stability and reliability were also conducted.Pruning algorithms (i) FCN-DE, (ii) FCN-GA, (iii) FCN-PSO, and (iv) FCN-WO showed improvement in storage by 92.4%, 95.3%, 98.7%, and 99.8% respectively when compared against solo FCN, and (v) SegNet-DE, (vi) SegNet-GA, (vii) SegNet-PSO, and (viii) SegNet-WO showed improvement by 97.1%, 97.9%, 98.8%, and 99.2% respectively when compared against solo SegNet. AUC > 0.94 (p 0.86 (p < 0.0001) on NovMed data set for all eight EA model. PAI <0.25 s per image. DenseNet-121-based Grad-CAM heatmaps showed validation on glass ground opacity lesions.Eight PAI networks that were successfully validated are five times faster, storage efficient, and could be used in clinical settings

Using VGG16 Algorithms for classification of lung cancer in CT scans Image

Lung cancer is the leading reason behind cancer-related deaths within the world. Early detection of lung nodules is vital for increasing the survival rate of cancer patients. Traditionally, physicians should manually identify the world suspected of getting carcinoma. When developing these detection systems, the arbitrariness of lung nodules' shape, size, and texture could be a challenge. Many studies showed the applied of computer vision algorithms to accurate diagnosis and classification of lung nodules. A deep learning algorithm called the VGG16 was developed during this paper to help medical professionals diagnose and classify carcinoma nodules. VGG16 can classify medical images of carcinoma in malignant, benign, and healthy patients. This paper showed that nodule detection using this single neural network had 92.08% sensitivity, 91% accuracy, and an AUC of 93%

A proposed methodology for detecting the malignant potential of pulmonary nodules in sarcoma using computed tomographic imaging and artificial intelligence-based models

The presence of lung metastases in patients with primary malignancies is an important criterion for treatment management and prognostication. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest is the preferred method to detect lung metastasis. However, CT has limited efficacy in differentiating metastatic nodules from benign nodules (e.g., granulomas due to tuberculosis) especially at early stages (&lt;5 mm). There is also a significant subjectivity associated in making this distinction, leading to frequent CT follow-ups and additional radiation exposure along with financial and emotional burden to the patients and family. Even 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission technology-computed tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) is not always confirmatory for this clinical problem. While pathological biopsy is the gold standard to demonstrate malignancy, invasive sampling of small lung nodules is often not clinically feasible. Currently, there is no non-invasive imaging technique that can reliably characterize lung metastases. The lung is one of the favored sites of metastasis in sarcomas. Hence, patients with sarcomas, especially from tuberculosis prevalent developing countries, can provide an ideal platform to develop a model to differentiate lung metastases from benign nodules. To overcome the lack of optimal specificity of CT scan in detecting pulmonary metastasis, a novel artificial intelligence (AI)-based protocol is proposed utilizing a combination of radiological and clinical biomarkers to identify lung nodules and characterize it as benign or metastasis. This protocol includes a retrospective cohort of nearly 2,000–2,250 sample nodules (from at least 450 patients) for training and testing and an ambispective cohort of nearly 500 nodules (from 100 patients; 50 patients each from the retrospective and prospective cohort) for validation. Ground-truth annotation of lung nodules will be performed using an in-house-built segmentation tool. Ground-truth labeling of lung nodules (metastatic/benign) will be performed based on histopathological results or baseline and/or follow-up radiological findings along with clinical outcome of the patient. Optimal methods for data handling and statistical analysis are included to develop a robust protocol for early detection and classification of pulmonary metastasis at baseline and at follow-up and identification of associated potential clinical and radiological markers

AUTOMATIC LUNG CANCER DETECTION USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

By far, lung cancer is the prominent cause of cancer deaths for both men and women around the world. In 2018, statistics for WCRF (Worldwide Cancer Research Fund) showed that out of 2.09 million people diagnosed with this disease, 1.76 million people died. The survival rate increases if detected in its earlier stages. Taking into consideration the complexity of the problem, many computer-aided diagnosis systems that increase the survival rate have been proposed and developed. Driven by the notable success of deep learning in the area of complex image classification problems, this paper presents the use of VGG16, VGG19, ResNet34, and ResNet50 convolutional neural network architectures or classifying images of patients with cancer. Moreover, to compare the performance evaluation Accuracy, Precision, Area Under Curve, and F1 score were calculated. In conclusion, ResNet50 architecture exhibited the best result for this classification problem, with 95.83 Precision, 88.89% Accuracy, and 88.46% F1 score. The strategy of using pretrained deep learning models proved to be pertinent to this problem

ResBCDU-Net: A Deep Learning Framework for Lung CT Image Segmentation

Lung CT image segmentation is a key process in many applications such as lung cancer detection. It is considered a challenging problem due to existing similar image densities in the pulmonary structures, different types of scanners, and scanning protocols. Most of the current semi-automatic segmentation methods rely on human factors therefore it might suffer from lack of accuracy. Another shortcoming of these methods is their high false-positive rate. In recent years, several approaches, based on a deep learning framework, have been effectively applied in medical image segmentation. Among existing deep neural networks, the U-Net has provided great success in this field. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network architecture to perform an automatic lung CT image segmentation process. In the proposed method, several extensive preprocessing techniques are applied to raw CT images. Then, ground truths corresponding to these images are extracted via some morphological operations and manual reforms. Finally, all the prepared images with the corresponding ground truth are fed into a modified U-Net in which the encoder is replaced with a pre-trained ResNet-34 network (referred to as Res BCDU-Net). In the architecture, we employ BConvLSTM (Bidirectional Convolutional Long Short-term Memory)as an advanced integrator module instead of simple traditional concatenators. This is to merge the extracted feature maps of the corresponding contracting path into the previous expansion of the up-convolutional layer. Finally, a densely connected convolutional layer is utilized for the contracting path. The results of our extensive experiments on lung CT images (LIDC-IDRI database) confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method where a dice coefficient index of 97.31% is achieved

A survey on computational intelligence approaches for predictive modeling in prostate cancer

Predictive modeling in medicine involves the development of computational models which are capable of analysing large amounts of data in order to predict healthcare outcomes for individual patients. Computational intelligence approaches are suitable when the data to be modelled are too complex forconventional statistical techniques to process quickly and eciently. These advanced approaches are based on mathematical models that have been especially developed for dealing with the uncertainty and imprecision which is typically found in clinical and biological datasets. This paper provides a survey of recent work on computational intelligence approaches that have been applied to prostate cancer predictive modeling, and considers the challenges which need to be addressed. In particular, the paper considers a broad definition of computational intelligence which includes evolutionary algorithms (also known asmetaheuristic optimisation, nature inspired optimisation algorithms), Artificial Neural Networks, Deep Learning, Fuzzy based approaches, and hybrids of these,as well as Bayesian based approaches, and Markov models. Metaheuristic optimisation approaches, such as the Ant Colony Optimisation, Particle Swarm Optimisation, and Artificial Immune Network have been utilised for optimising the performance of prostate cancer predictive models, and the suitability of these approaches are discussed

A Survey of Hyper-parameter Optimization Methods in Convolutional Neural Networks

Konvolüsyonel Sinir Ağları (KSA), katmanlarının en az bir tanesinde matris çarpımı yerine konvolüsyon işleminin kullanıldığı çok katmanlı yapay sinir ağlarının bir türüdür. Özellikle bilgisayarlı görü çalışmalarında çok başarılı sonuçlar elde edilse de KSA hala birçok zorluk içermektedir. Daha başarılı sonuçlar elde etmek için geliştirilen mimarilerin giderek daha derinleşmesi ve kullanılan görüntülerin giderek daha yüksek kalitede olmasıyla daha fazla hesaplama maliyetleri ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hem bu hesaplama maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi, hem de başarılı sonuçlar elde edilebilmesi, güçlü donanımların kullanılmasına ve kurulan ağın hiper-parametrelerin optimize edilmesine bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, Genetik Algoritma, Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu, Diferansiyel Evrim ve Bayes Optimizasyonu gibi yöntemler ile KSA optimizasyonu gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar incelendi. Bu çalışmalarda optimize edilen hiper-parametreler, tanımlanan değer aralıkları ve elde edilen sonuçlar incelendi. Buna göre, KSA’ nın performansında en etkili hiper-parametrelerin filtre sayısı, filtre boyutu, katman sayısı, seyreltme oranı, öğrenme oranı ve yığın boyutu olduğu görülmüştür. Aynı veri kümelerinin kullanıldığı çalışmalar, elde edilen doğruluk değerleri açısından karşılaştırıldığında çoğu veri kümesi için en iyi doğruluk oranlarının popülasyon tabanlı yöntemlerden Genetik Algoritma ve Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu kullanılan çalışmalarda elde edildiği görülmüştür. Bu üst-sezgiseller ile elde edilen modellerin performanslarının “state of the art” modellerle yarışabilir durumda hatta bazen daha iyi oldukları görülmüştür. Yine üst-sezgisel kullanılan bazı çalışmalarda üretilen modellerin aşırı büyümesi engellenmiş; basit ve kolay eğitilebilir modeller üretilmiştir. Hesaplama maliyeti açısından çok avantajlı bu basit modeller ile literatürdeki karmaşık modellere çok yakın sonuçlar elde edilebilmiştir.Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are special types of multi-layer artificial neural networks in which convolution method is used instead of matrix multiplication in at least one of its layers. Although satisfactory results have been achieved by CNN especially in computer vision studies, they still have some difficulties. As the proposed network architectures become deeper with the aim of much better accuracy and the resolution of the input images increases, this results in a need for more computational power. Reducing the computational cost while at the same time still having high accuracy rates depend on the use of powerful equipments and the selection of hyper-parameter values in CNN. In this study, we examined methods like Genetic Algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization, Differential Evolution and Bayes Optimization that has been used extensively to optimize CNN hyper-parameters, and also listed the hyper-parameters selected to be optimized in those studies, ranges of those parameter values and the results obtained by each of those studies. These studies reveal that the number of layers, number and size of the kernels at each layer, learning rate and the batch size parameters are among the hyper-parameters that affect the performance of the CNNs the most. When the studies that use the same datasets are compared in terms of accuracy, Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization which are both population-based methods achieve the best results for the majority of the datasets. It is also shown that the performance of the models found in these studies are competitive or sometimes better than those of the “state of the art” models. In addition, the CNNs produced in these studies are prevented from being overgrown by imposing limits on the hiper-parameter values. Thus simpler and easier to train models have been obtained. These computationally advantageous simpler models were able to achieve competitive results compared to complicated models