Convex Hull Area In Triaxial Mechanomyography During Functional Electrical Stimulation

This study employed the convex hull in the analysis of triaxial mechanomyography (MMG) to determine hull area variations along prolonged muscle contractions elicited by functional electrical stimulation (FES). Closed-loop FES systems may need real-time adjustments in control parameters. Such systems may need to process small sample sets. The convex hull area can be applied to small sample sets and it does not suffer with non-stationarities. The MMG sensor used a triaxial accelerometer and the acquired samples were projected onto all planes. The hull determined the smallest convex polygon surrounding all points and its area was computed. Four spinal cord injured volunteers participated in the experiment. The quadriceps femoral muscle was stimulated in order to cause a full knee extension. FES parameters: 1 kHz pulse frequency and a 20 Hz burst frequency. Adjustments in the stimuli amplitude were controlled by a technician to sustain the extension. The results showed that the convex hull area decreased over time. Since the polygons are related to MMG amplitude, decreasing areas were related to muscle fatigue. The convex hull area can be a candidate to follow muscle fatigue during FES-elicited contractions and analysis of short length epochs. Copyright © 2014 SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. 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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Incidence of Injury in Professional Female Soccer

The epidemiology of injury in male professional football is well documented and has been used as a basis to monitor injury trends and implement injury prevention strategies. There are no systematic reviews that have investigated injury incidence in women’s professional football. Therefore, the extent of injury burden in women’s professional football remains unknown. PURPOSE: The primary aim of this study was to calculate an overall incidence rate of injury in senior female professional soccer. The secondary aims were to provide an incidence rate for training and match play. METHODS: PubMed, Discover, EBSCO, Embase and ScienceDirect electronic databases were searched from inception to September 2018. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement using a 22-item STROBE checklist. Seven prospective studies (n=1137 professional players) were combined in a pooled analysis of injury incidence using a mixed effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q statistic and I2. RESULTS: The epidemiological incidence proportion over one season was 0.62 (95% CI 0.59 - 0.64). Mean total incidence of injury was 3.15 (95% CI 1.54 - 4.75) injuries per 1000 hours. The mean incidence of injury during match play was 10.72 (95% CI 9.11 - 12.33) and during training was 2.21 (95% CI 0.96 - 3.45). Data analysis found a significant level of heterogeneity (total Incidence, X2 = 16.57 P < 0.05; I2 = 63.8%) and during subsequent sub group analyses in those studies reviewed (match incidence, X2 = 76.4 (d.f. = 7), P <0.05; I2 = 90.8%, training incidence, X2 = 16.97 (d.f. = 7), P < 0.05; I2 = 58.8%). Appraisal of the study methodologies revealed inconsistency in the use of injury terminology, data collection procedures and calculation of exposure by researchers. Such inconsistencies likely contribute to the large variance in the incidence and prevalence of injury reported. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated risk of sustaining at least one injury over one football season is 62%. Continued reporting of heterogeneous results in population samples limits meaningful comparison of studies. Standardising the criteria used to attribute injury and activity coupled with more accurate methods of calculating exposure will overcome such limitations