Geometric control condition for the wave equation with a time-dependent observation domain

We characterize the observability property (and, by duality, the controllability and the stabilization) of the wave equation on a Riemannian manifold $\Omega,$ with or without boundary, where the observation (or control) domain is time-varying. We provide a condition ensuring observability, in terms of propagating bicharacteristics. This condition extends the well-known geometric control condition established for fixed observation domains. As one of the consequences, we prove that it is always possible to find a time-dependent observation domain of arbitrarily small measure for which the observability property holds. From a practical point of view, this means that it is possible to reconstruct the solutions of the wave equation with only few sensors (in the Lebesgue measure sense), at the price of moving the sensors in the domain in an adequate way.We provide several illustrating examples, in which the observationdomain is the rigid displacement in $\Omega$ of a fixed domain, withspeed $v,$ showing that the observability property depends both on $v$and on the wave speed. Despite the apparent simplicity of some of ourexamples, the observability property can depend on nontrivial arithmeticconsiderations

Fully discrete finite element data assimilation method for the heat equation

We consider a finite element discretization for the reconstruction of the final state of the heat equation, when the initial data is unknown, but additional data is given in a sub domain in the space time. For the discretization in space we consider standard continuous affine finite element approximation, and the time derivative is discretized using a backward differentiation. We regularize the discrete system by adding a penalty of the $H^1$-semi-norm of the initial data, scaled with the mesh-parameter. The analysis of the method uses techniques developed in E. Burman and L. Oksanen, Data assimilation for the heat equation using stabilized finite element methods, arXiv, 2016, combining discrete stability of the numerical method with sharp Carleman estimates for the physical problem, to derive optimal error estimates for the approximate solution. For the natural space time energy norm, away from $t=0$, the convergence is the same as for the classical problem with known initial data, but contrary to the classical case, we do not obtain faster convergence for the $L^2$-norm at the final time

Mini-Workshop: Recent Developments on Approximation Methods for Controlled Evolution Equations

This mini-workshop brought together mathematicians engaged in partial differential equations, functional analysis, numerical analysis and systems theory in order to address a number of current problems in the approximation of controlled evolution equations

Inverse problems for linear hyperbolic equations using mixed formulations

We introduce in this document a direct method allowing to solve numerically inverse type problems for linear hyperbolic equations. We first consider the reconstruction of the full solution of the wave equation posed in $\Omega\times (0,T)$ - $\Omega$ a bounded subset of $\mathbb{R}^N$ - from a partial distributed observation. We employ a least-squares technique and minimize the $L^2$-norm of the distance from the observation to any solution. Taking the hyperbolic equation as the main constraint of the problem, the optimality conditions are reduced to a mixed formulation involving both the state to reconstruct and a Lagrange multiplier. Under usual geometric optic conditions, we show the well-posedness of this mixed formulation (in particular the inf-sup condition) and then introduce a numerical approximation based on space-time finite elements discretization. We prove the strong convergence of the approximation and then discussed several examples for $N=1$ and $N=2$. The problem of the reconstruction of both the state and the source term is also addressed

On Characterization of Inverse Data in the Boundary Control Method

We deal with a dynamical system \begin{align*} & u_{tt}-\Delta u+qu=0 && {\rm in}\,\,\,\Omega \times (0,T)\\ & u\big|_{t=0}=u_t\big|_{t=0}=0 && {\rm in}\,\,\,\overline \Omega\\ & \partial_\nu u = f && {\rm in}\,\,\,\partial\Omega \times [0,T]\,, \end{align*} where $\Omega \subset {\mathbb R}^n$ is a bounded domain, $q \in L_\infty(\Omega)$ a real-valued function, $\nu$ the outward normal to $\partial \Omega$, $u=u^f(x,t)$ a solution. The input/output correspondence is realized by a response operator $R^T: f \mapsto u^f\big|_{\partial\Omega \times [0,T]}$ and its relevant extension by hyperbolicity $R^{2T}$. Ope\-rator $R^{2T}$ is determined by $q\big|_{\Omega^T}$, where $\Omega^T:=\{x \in \Omega\,|\,\,{\rm dist\,}(x,\partial \Omega)<T\}$. The inverse problem is: Given $R^{2T}$ to recover $q$ in $\Omega^T$. We solve this problem by the boundary control method and describe the {\it ne\-ces\-sary and sufficient} conditions on $R^{2T}$, which provide its solvability.Comment: 33 pages, 1 figur