41 research outputs found

    Architectures and protocols for sub-wavelength optical networks: contributions to connectionless and connection-oriented data transport

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    La ràpida evolució d’Internet i l’àmplia gamma de noves aplicacions (per exemple, multimèdia, videoconferència, jocs en línia, etc.) ha fomentat canvis revolucionaris en la manera com ens comuniquem. A més, algunes d’aquestes aplicacions demanden grans quantitats de recursos d’ample de banda amb diversos requeriments de qualitat de servei (QoS). El desenvolupament de la multiplexació per divisió de longitud d’ona (WDM) en els anys noranta va fer molt rendible la disponibilitat d’ample de banda. Avui dia, les tecnologies de commutació òptica de circuits són predominants en el nucli de la xarxa, les quals permeten la configuració de canals (lightpaths) a través de la xarxa. No obstant això, la granularitat d’aquests canals ocupa tota la longitud d’ona, el que fa que siguin ineficients per a proveir canals de menor ample de banda (sub-longitud d’ona). Segons la comunitat científica, és necessari augmentar la transparència dels protocols, així com millorar l’aprovisionament d’ample de banda de forma dinàmica. Per tal de fer això realitat, és necessari desenvolupar noves arquitectures. La commutació òptica de ràfegues i de paquets (OBS/OPS), són dues de les tecnologies proposades. Aquesta tesi contribueix amb tres arquitectures de xarxa destinades a millorar el transport de dades sub-longitud d’ona. En primer lloc, aprofundim en la naturalesa sense connexió en OBS. En aquest cas, la xarxa incrementa el seu dinamisme a causa de les transmissions a ràfega. A més, les col·lisions entre ràfegues degraden el rendiment de la xarxa fins i tot a càrregues molt baixes. Per fer front a aquestes col·lisions, es proposa un esquema de resolució de col·lisions pro actiu basat en un algorisme d’encaminament i assignació de longitud d’ona (RWA) que balanceja de forma automàtica i distribuïda la càrrega en la xarxa. En aquest protocol, el RWA i la transmissió de ràfegues es basen en l’explotació i exploració de regles de commutació que incorporen informació sobre contencions i encaminament. Per donar suport a aquesta arquitectura, s’utilitzen dos tipus de paquets de control per a l’encaminament de les ràfegues i l’actualització de les regles de commutació, respectivament. Per analitzar els beneficis del nou algorisme, s’utilitzen quatre topologies de xarxa diferents. Els resultats indiquen que el mètode proposat millora en diferents marges la resta d’algorismes RWA en funció de la topologia i sense penalitzar altres paràmetres com el retard extrem a extrem. La segona contribució proposa una arquitectura híbrida sense i orientada a connexió sobre la base d’un protocol de control d’accés al medi (MAC) per a xarxes OBS (DAOBS). El MAC ofereix dos mètodes d’accés: arbitratge de cua (QA) per a la transmissió de ràfegues sense connexió, i pre-arbitratge (PA) per serveis TDM orientats a connexió. Aquesta arquitectura permet una àmplia gamma d’aplicacions sensibles al retard i al bloqueig. Els resultats avaluats a través de simulacions mostren que en l’accés QA, les ràfegues de més alta prioritat tenen garantides zero pèrdues i latències d’accés molt baixes. Pel que fa a l’accés PA, es reporta que la duplicació de la càrrega TDM augmenta en més d’un ordre la probabilitat de bloqueig, però sense afectar en la mateixa mesura les ràfegues sense connexió. En aquest capítol també es tracten dos dels problemes relacionats amb l’arquitectura DAOBS i el seu funcionament. En primer lloc, es proposa un model matemàtic per aproximar el retard d’accés inferior i superior com a conseqüència de l’accés QA. En segon lloc, es formula matemàticament la generació i optimització de les topologies virtuals que suporten el protocol per a l’escenari amb tràfic estàtic. Finalment, l’última contribució explora els beneficis d’una arquitectura de xarxa òptica per temps compartit (TSON) basada en elements de càlcul de camins (PCE) centralitzats per tal d’evitar col·lisions en la xarxa. Aquesta arquitectura permet garantir l’aprovisionament orientat a connexió de canals sub-longitud d’ona. En aquest capítol proposem i simulem tres arquitectures GMPLS/PCE/TSON. A causa del enfocament centralitzat, el rendiment de la xarxa depèn en gran mesura de l’assignació i aprovisionament de les connexions. Amb aquesta finalitat, es proposen diferents algorismes d’assignació de ranures temporals i es comparen amb les corresponents formulacions de programació lineal (ILP) per al cas estàtic. Per al cas de tràfic dinàmic, proposem i avaluem mitjançant simulació diferents heurístiques. Els resultats mostren els beneficis de proporcionar flexibilitat en els dominis temporal i freqüencial a l’hora d’assignar les ranures temporals.The rapid evolving Internet and the broad range of new data applications (e.g., multimedia, video-conference, online gaming, etc.) is fostering revolutionary changes in the way we communicate. In addition, some of these applications demand for unprecedented amounts of bandwidth resources with diverse quality of service (QoS). The development of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the 90's made very cost-effective the availability of bandwidth. Nowadays, optical circuit switching technologies are predominant in the core enabling the set up of lightpaths across the network. However, full-wavelength lightpath granularity is too coarse, which results to be inefficient for provisioning sub-wavelength channels. As remarked by the research community, an open issue in optical networking is increasing the protocol transparency as well as provisioning true dynamic bandwidth allocation at the network level. To this end, new architectures are required. Optical burst/packet switching (OBS/OPS) are two such proposed technologies under investigation. This thesis contributes with three network architectures which aim at improving the sub-wavelength data transport from different perspectives. First, we gain insight into the connectionless nature of OBS. Here, the network dynamics are increased due to the short-lived burst transmissions. Moreover, burst contentions degrade the performance even at very low loads. To cope with them, we propose a proactive resolution scheme by means of a distributed auto load-balancing routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm for wavelength-continuity constraint networks. In this protocol, the RWA and burst forwarding is based on the exploitation and exploration of switching rule concentration values that incorporate contention and forwarding desirability information. To support such architecture, forward and backward control packets are used in the burst forwarding and updating rules, respectively. In order to analyze the benefits of the new algorithm, four different network topologies are used. Results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the rest of tested RWA algorithms at various margins depending on the topology without penalizing other parameters such as end-to-end delay. The second contribution proposes a hybrid connectionless and connection-oriented architecture based on a medium access control (MAC) protocol for OBS networks (DAOBS). The MAC provides two main access mechanisms: queue arbitrated (QA) for connectionless bursts and pre-arbitrated (PA) for TDM connection-oriented services. Such an architecture allows for a broad range of delay-sensitive applications or guaranteed services. Results evaluated through simulations show that in the QA access mode highest priority bursts are guaranteed zero losses and very low access latencies. Regarding the PA mode, we report that doubling the offered TDM traffic load increases in more than one order their connection blocking, slightly affecting the blocking of other connectionless bursts. In this chapter, we also tackle two of the issues related with the DAOBS architecture and its operation. Firstly, we model mathematically the lower and upper approximations of the access delay as a consequence of the connectionless queue arbitrated access. Secondly, we formulate the generation of the virtual light-tree overlay topology for the static traffic case.Postprint (published version

    View on 5G Architecture: Version 1.0

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    The current white paper focuses on the produced results after one year research mainly from 16 projects working on the abovementioned domains. During several months, representatives from these projects have worked together to identify the key findings of their projects and capture the commonalities and also the different approaches and trends. Also they have worked to determine the challenges that remain to be overcome so as to meet the 5G requirements. The goal of 5G Architecture Working Group is to use the results captured in this white paper to assist the participating projects achieve a common reference framework. The work of this working group will continue during the following year so as to capture the latest results to be produced by the projects and further elaborate this reference framework. The 5G networks will be built around people and things and will natively meet the requirements of three groups of use cases: • Massive broadband (xMBB) that delivers gigabytes of bandwidth on demand • Massive machine-type communication (mMTC) that connects billions of sensors and machines • Critical machine-type communication (uMTC) that allows immediate feedback with high reliability and enables for example remote control over robots and autonomous driving. The demand for mobile broadband will continue to increase in the next years, largely driven by the need to deliver ultra-high definition video. However, 5G networks will also be the platform enabling growth in many industries, ranging from the IT industry to the automotive, manufacturing industries entertainment, etc. 5G will enable new applications like for example autonomous driving, remote control of robots and tactile applications, but these also bring a lot of challenges to the network. Some of these are related to provide low latency in the order of few milliseconds and high reliability compared to fixed lines. But the biggest challenge for 5G networks will be that the services to cater for a diverse set of services and their requirements. To achieve this, the goal for 5G networks will be to improve the flexibility in the architecture. The white paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we discuss the key business and technical requirements that drive the evolution of 4G networks into the 5G. In section 3 we provide the key points of the overall 5G architecture where as in section 4 we elaborate on the functional architecture. Different issues related to the physical deployment in the access, metro and core networks of the 5G network are discussed in section 5 while in section 6 we present software network enablers that are expected to play a significant role in the future networks. Section 7 presents potential impacts on standardization and section 8 concludes the white paper

    5G-XHaul:a converged optical and wireless solution for 5G transport networks

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    This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Gutiérrez-Terán, J., Maletic, N., Camps, D., Garcia-Villegas, E., Berberana, I., Anastasopoulos, M., Tzanakaki, A., Kalokidou, V., Flegkas, P., Syrivelis, D., Korakis, T., Legg, P., Markovic, D., Limperopoulos, G., Bartelt, J., Chaudhary, J.K., Grieger, M., Vucic, N., Zou, J., Grass, E. 5G-XHaul: a converged optical and wireless solution for 5G transport networks. "Transactions on emerging telecommunications technologies", 8 Juliol 2016, vol. 27, núm. 9, p. 1187-1195, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.recursos.biblioteca.upc.edu/doi/10.1002/ett.3063/epdf. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.The common European Information and Communications Technology sector vision for 5G is that it should leverage on the strengths of both optical and wireless technologies. In the 5G context, a wide spectra of radio access technologies—such as millimetre wave transmission, massive multiple-input multiple-output and new waveforms—demand for high capacity, highly flexible and convergent transport networks. As the requirements imposed on future 5G networks rise, so do the challenges in the transport network. Hence, 5G-XHaul proposes a converged optical and wireless transport network solution with a unified control plane based on software defined networking. This solution is able to support the flexible backhaul and fronthaul—X-Haul—options required to tackle the future challenges imposed by 5G radio access technologies. 5G-XHaul studies the trade-offs involving fully or partially converged backhaul and fronthaul functions, with the aim of maximising the associated sharing benefits, improving efficiency in resource utilisation and providing measurable benefits in terms of overall cost, scalability and sustainabilityPeer ReviewedPostprint (published version

    Wireless-Optical Network Convergence:Enabling the 5G Architecture to Support Operational and End-User Services

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    Wireless-optical network convergence: enabling the 5G architecture to support operational and end-user services

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    © 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.This article presents a converged 5G network infrastructure and an overarching architecture to jointly support operational network and end-user services, proposed by the EU 5G PPP project 5G-XHaul. The 5G-XHaul infrastructure adopts a common fronthaul/backhaul network solution, deploying a wealth of wireless technologies and a hybrid active/passive optical transport, supporting flexible fronthaul split options. This infrastructure is evaluated through a novel modeling. Numerical results indicate significant energy savings at the expense of increased end-user service delay.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Analysis of Bandwidth and Latency Constraints on a Packetized Cloud Radio Access Network Fronthaul

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    Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is a promising architecture for the next-generation RAN to meet the diverse and stringent requirements envisioned by fifth generation mobile communication systems (5G) and future generation mobile networks. C-RAN offers several advantages, such as reduced capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX), increased spectral efficiency (SE), higher capacity and improved cell-edge performance, and efficient hardware utilization through resource sharing and network function virtualization (NFV). However, these centralization gains come with the need for a fronthaul, which is the transport link connecting remote radio units (RRUs) to the base band unit (BBU) pool. In conventional C-RAN, legacy common public radio interface (CPRI) protocol is used on the fronthaul network to transport the raw, unprocessed baseband in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) samples between the BBU and the RRUs, and it demands a huge fronthaul bandwidth, a strict low-latency, in the order of a few hundred microseconds, and a very high reliability. Hence, in order to relax the excessive fronthaul bandwidth and stringent low-latency requirements, as well as to enhance the flexibility of the fronthaul, it is utmost important to redesign the fronthaul, while still profiting from the acclaimed centralization benefits. Therefore, a flexibly centralized C-RAN with different functional splits has been introduced. In addition, 5G mobile fronthaul (often also termed as an evolved fronthaul ) is envisioned to be packet-based, utilizing the Ethernet as a transport technology. In this thesis, to circumvent the fronthaul bandwidth constraint, a packetized fronthaul considering an appropriate functional split such that the fronthaul data rate is coupled with actual user data rate, unlike the classical C-RAN where fronthaul data rate is always static and independent of the traffic load, is justifiably chosen. We adapt queuing and spatial traffic models to derive the mathematical expressions for statistical multiplexing gains that can be obtained from the randomness in the user traffic. Through this, we show that the required fronthaul bandwidth can be reduced significantly, depending on the overall traffic demand, correlation distance and outage probability. Furthermore, an iterative optimization algorithm is developed, showing the impacts of number of pilots on a bandwidth-constrained fronthaul. This algorithm achieves additional reduction in the required fronthaul bandwidth. Next, knowing the multiplexing gains and possible fronthaul bandwidth reduction, it is beneficial for the mobile network operators (MNOs) to deploy the optical transceiver (TRX) modules in C-RAN cost efficiently. For this, using the same framework, a cost model for fronthaul TRX cost optimization is presented. This is essential in C-RAN, because in a wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) system, TRXs are generally deployed to serve at a peak load. But, because of variations in the traffic demands, owing to tidal effect, the fronthaul can be dimensioned requiring a lower capacity allowing a reasonable outage, thus giving rise to cost saving by deploying fewer TRXs, and energy saving by putting the unused TRXs in sleep mode. The second focus of the thesis is the fronthaul latency analysis, which is a critical performance metric, especially for ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC). An analytical framework to calculate the latency in the uplink (UL) of C-RAN massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is presented. For this, a continuous-time queuing model for the Ethernet switch in the fronthaul network, which aggregates the UL traffic from several massive MIMO-aided RRUs, is considered. The closed-form solutions for the moment generating function (MGF) of sojourn time, waiting time and queue length distributions are derived using Pollaczek–Khinchine formula for our M/HE/1 queuing model, and evaluated via numerical solutions. In addition, the packet loss rate – due to the inability of the packets to reach the destination in a certain time – is derived. Due to the slotted nature of the UL transmissions, the model is extended to a discrete-time queuing model. The impact of the packet arrival rate, average packet size, SE of users, and fronthaul capacity on the sojourn time, waiting time and queue length distributions are analyzed. While offloading more signal processing functionalities to the RRU reduces the required fronthaul bandwidth considerably, this increases the complexity at the RRU. Hence, considering the 5G New Radio (NR) flexible numerology and XRAN functional split with a detailed radio frequency (RF) chain at the RRU, the total RRU complexity is computed first, and later, a tradeoff between the required fronthaul bandwidth and RRU complexity is analyzed. We conclude that despite the numerous C-RAN benefits, the stringent fronthaul bandwidth and latency constraints must be carefully evaluated, and an optimal functional split is essential to meet diverse set of requirements imposed by new radio access technologies (RATs).Ein cloud-basiertes Mobilfunkzugangsnetz (cloud radio access network, C-RAN) stellt eine vielversprechende Architektur für das RAN der nächsten Generation dar, um die vielfältigen und strengen Anforderungen der fünften (5G) und zukünftigen Generationen von Mobilfunknetzen zu erfüllen. C-RAN bietet mehrere Vorteile, wie z.B. reduzierte Investitions- (CAPEX) und Betriebskosten (OPEX), erhöhte spektrale Effizienz (SE), höhere Kapazität und verbesserte Leistung am Zellrand sowie effiziente Hardwareauslastung durch Ressourcenteilung und Virtualisierung von Netzwerkfunktionen (network function virtualization, NFV). Diese Zentralisierungsvorteile erfordern jedoch eine Transportverbindung (Fronthaul), die die Antenneneinheiten (remote radio units, RRUs) mit dem Pool an Basisbandeinheiten (basisband unit, BBU) verbindet. Im konventionellen C-RAN wird das bestehende CPRI-Protokoll (common public radio interface) für das Fronthaul-Netzwerk verwendet, um die rohen, unverarbeitet n Abtastwerte der In-Phaseund Quadraturkomponente (I/Q) des Basisbands zwischen der BBU und den RRUs zu transportieren. Dies erfordert eine enorme Fronthaul-Bandbreite, eine strenge niedrige Latenz in der Größenordnung von einigen hundert Mikrosekunden und eine sehr hohe Zuverlässigkeit. Um die extrem große Fronthaul-Bandbreite und die strengen Anforderungen an die geringe Latenz zu lockern und die Flexibilität des Fronthauls zu erhöhen, ist es daher äußerst wichtig, das Fronthaul neu zu gestalten und dabei trotzdem von den erwarteten Vorteilen der Zentralisierung zu profitieren. Daher wurde ein flexibel zentralisiertes CRAN mit unterschiedlichen Funktionsaufteilungen eingeführt. Außerdem ist das mobile 5G-Fronthaul (oft auch als evolved Fronthaul bezeichnet) als paketbasiert konzipiert und nutzt Ethernet als Transporttechnologie. Um die Bandbreitenbeschränkung zu erfüllen, wird in dieser Arbeit ein paketbasiertes Fronthaul unter Berücksichtigung einer geeigneten funktionalen Aufteilung so gewählt, dass die Fronthaul-Datenrate mit der tatsächlichen Nutzdatenrate gekoppelt wird, im Gegensatz zum klassischen C-RAN, bei dem die Fronthaul-Datenrate immer statisch und unabhängig von der Verkehrsbelastung ist. Wir passen Warteschlangen- und räumliche Verkehrsmodelle an, um mathematische Ausdrücke für statistische Multiplexing- Gewinne herzuleiten, die aus der Zufälligkeit im Benutzerverkehr gewonnen werden können. Hierdurch zeigen wir, dass die erforderliche Fronthaul-Bandbreite abhängig von der Gesamtverkehrsnachfrage, der Korrelationsdistanz und der Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit deutlich reduziert werden kann. Darüber hinaus wird ein iterativer Optimierungsalgorithmus entwickelt, der die Auswirkungen der Anzahl der Piloten auf das bandbreitenbeschränkte Fronthaul zeigt. Dieser Algorithmus erreicht eine zusätzliche Reduktion der benötigte Fronthaul-Bandbreite. Mit dem Wissen über die Multiplexing-Gewinne und die mögliche Reduktion der Fronthaul-Bandbreite ist es für die Mobilfunkbetreiber (mobile network operators, MNOs) von Vorteil, die Module des optischen Sendeempfängers (transceiver, TRX) kostengünstig im C-RAN einzusetzen. Dazu wird unter Verwendung des gleichen Rahmenwerks ein Kostenmodell zur Fronthaul-TRX-Kostenoptimierung vorgestellt. Dies ist im C-RAN unerlässlich, da in einem WDM-PON-System (wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network) die TRX im Allgemeinen bei Spitzenlast eingesetzt werden. Aufgrund der Schwankungen in den Verkehrsanforderungen (Gezeiteneffekt) kann das Fronthaul jedoch mit einer geringeren Kapazität dimensioniert werden, die einen vertretbaren Ausfall in Kauf nimmt, was zu Kosteneinsparungen durch den Einsatz von weniger TRXn und Energieeinsparungen durch den Einsatz der ungenutzten TRX im Schlafmodus führt. Der zweite Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist die Fronthaul-Latenzanalyse, die eine kritische Leistungskennzahl liefert, insbesondere für die hochzuverlässige und niedriglatente Kommunikation (ultra-reliable low latency communications, URLLC). Ein analytisches Modell zur Berechnung der Latenz im Uplink (UL) des C-RAN mit massivem MIMO (multiple input multiple output) wird vorgestellt. Dazu wird ein Warteschlangen-Modell mit kontinuierlicher Zeit für den Ethernet-Switch im Fronthaul-Netzwerk betrachtet, das den UL-Verkehr von mehreren RRUs mit massivem MIMO aggregiert. Die geschlossenen Lösungen für die momenterzeugende Funktion (moment generating function, MGF) von Verweildauer-, Wartezeit- und Warteschlangenlängenverteilungen werden mit Hilfe der Pollaczek-Khinchin-Formel für unser M/HE/1-Warteschlangenmodell hergeleitet und mittels numerischer Verfahren ausgewertet. Darüber hinaus wird die Paketverlustrate derjenigen Pakete, die das Ziel nicht in einer bestimmten Zeit erreichen, hergeleitet. Aufgrund der Organisation der UL-Übertragungen in Zeitschlitzen wird das Modell zu einem Warteschlangenmodell mit diskreter Zeit erweitert. Der Einfluss der Paketankunftsrate, der durchschnittlichen Paketgröße, der SE der Benutzer und der Fronthaul-Kapazität auf die Verweildauer-, dieWartezeit- und dieWarteschlangenlängenverteilung wird analysiert. Während das Verlagern weiterer Signalverarbeitungsfunktionalitäten an die RRU die erforderliche Fronthaul-Bandbreite erheblich reduziert, erhöht sich dadurch im Gegenzug die Komplexität der RRU. Daher wird unter Berücksichtigung der flexiblen Numerologie von 5G New Radio (NR) und der XRAN-Funktionenaufteilung mit einer detaillierten RF-Kette (radio frequency) am RRU zunächst die gesamte RRU-Komplexität berechnet und später ein Kompromiss zwischen der erforderlichen Fronthaul-Bandbreite und der RRU-Komplexität untersucht. Wir kommen zu dem Schluss, dass trotz der zahlreichen Vorteile von C-RAN die strengen Bandbreiten- und Latenzbedingungen an das Fronthaul sorgfältig geprüft werden müssen und eine optimale funktionale Aufteilung unerlässlich ist, um die vielfältigen Anforderungen der neuen Funkzugangstechnologien (radio access technologies, RATs) zu erfüllen
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