172,906 research outputs found
Cortical depth dependent functional responses in humans at 7T: improved specificity with 3D GRASE
Ultra high fields (7T and above) allow functional imaging with high contrast-to-noise ratios and improved spatial resolution. This, along with improved hardware and imaging techniques, allow investigating columnar and laminar functional responses. Using gradient-echo (GE) (T2* weighted) based sequences, layer specific responses have been recorded from human (and animal) primary visual areas. However, their increased sensitivity to large surface veins potentially clouds detecting and interpreting layer specific responses. Conversely, spin-echo (SE) (T2 weighted) sequences are less sensitive to large veins and have been used to map cortical columns in humans. T2 weighted 3D GRASE with inner volume selection provides high isotropic resolution over extended volumes, overcoming some of the many technical limitations of conventional 2D SE-EPI, whereby making layer specific investigations feasible. Further, the demonstration of columnar level specificity with 3D GRASE, despite contributions from both stimulated echoes and conventional T2 contrast, has made it an attractive alternative over 2D SE-EPI. Here, we assess the spatial specificity of cortical depth dependent 3D GRASE functional responses in human V1 and hMT by comparing it to GE responses. In doing so we demonstrate that 3D GRASE is less sensitive to contributions from large veins in superficial layers, while showing increased specificity (functional tuning) throughout the cortex compared to GE
Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) - The Prime Focus Subsystems: Requirements and Interfaces
MSE will be a massively multiplexed survey telescope, including a segmented
primary mirror which feeds fibers at the prime focus, including an array of
approximately four thousand fibers, positioned precisely to feed banks of
spectrographs several tens of meters away. We describe the process of mapping
top-level requirements on MSE to technical specifications for subsystems
located at the MSE prime focus. This includes the overall top-level
requirements based on knowledge of similar systems at other telescopes and how
those requirements were converted into specifications so that the subsystems
could begin working on their Conceptual Design Phases. We then discuss the
verification of the engineering specifications and the compiling of lower-level
requirements and specifications into higher level performance budgets (e.g.
Image Quality). We also briefly discuss the interface specifications, their
effect on the performance of the system and the plan to manage them going
forward. We also discuss the opto-mechanical design of the telescope top end
assembly and refer readers to more details for instrumentation located at the
top end.Comment: 14 pages; Proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes +
Instrumentation 2018; Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management
for Astronomy VII
Cartan Ribbonization of Surfaces and a Topological Inspection
We develop the concept of Cartan ribbons and a method by which they can be
used to ribbonize any given surface in space by intrinsically flat ribbons. The
geodesic curvature along the center curve on the surface agrees with the
geodesic curvature of the corresponding Cartan development curve, and this
makes a rolling strategy successful. Essentially, it follows from the
orientational alignment of the two co-moving Darboux frames during the rolling.
Using closed center curves we obtain closed approximating Cartan ribbons that
contribute zero to the total curvature integral of the ribbonization. This
paves the way for a particular simple topological inspection -- it is reduced
to the question of how the ribbons organize their edges relative to each other.
The Gauss-Bonnet theorem leads to this topological inspection of the vertices.
Finally, we display two examples of ribbonizations of surfaces, namely of a
torus using two ribbons, and of an ellipsoid using its closed curvature lines
as center curves for the ribbons. The topological inspection of the torus
ribbonization is particularly simple as it has no vertex points, giving
directly the Euler characteristic . The ellipsoid has vertices --
corresponding to the umbilical points -- each of degree one and each
therefore contributing one-half to the Euler characteristic
Model-based Aeroservoelastic Design and Load Alleviation of Large Wind Turbine Blades
This paper presents an aeroservoelastic modeling approach for dynamic load alleviation
in large wind turbines with trailing-edge aerodynamic surfaces. The tower, potentially on a
moving base, and the rotating blades are modeled using geometrically non-linear composite
beams, which are linearized around reference conditions with arbitrarily-large structural
displacements. Time-domain aerodynamics are given by a linearized 3-D unsteady vortexlattice
method and the resulting dynamic aeroelastic model is written in a state-space
formulation suitable for model reductions and control synthesis. A linear model of a single
blade is used to design a Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian regulator on its root-bending moments,
which is finally shown to provide load reductions of about 20% in closed-loop on the full
wind turbine non-linear aeroelastic model
Tank-treading as a means of propulsion in viscous shear flows
The use of tank-treading as a means of propulsion for microswimmers in
viscous shear flows is taken into exam. We discuss the possibility that a
vesicle be able to control the drift in an external shear flow, by varying
locally the bending rigidity of its own membrane. By analytical calculation in
the quasi-spherical limit, the stationary shape and the orientation of the
tank-treading vesicle in the external flow, are determined, working to lowest
order in the membrane inhomogeneity. The membrane inhomogeneity acts in the
shape evolution equation as an additional force term, that can be used to
balance the effect of the hydrodynamic stresses, thus allowing the vesicle to
assume shapes and orientations that would otherwise be forbidden. The vesicle
shapes and orientations required for migration transverse to the flow, together
with the bending rigidity profiles that would lead to such shapes and
orientations, are determined. A simple model is presented, in which a vesicle
is able to migrate up or down the gradient of a concentration field, by
stiffening or softening of its membrane, in response to the variations in the
concentration level experienced during tank-treading.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure
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