The reforming appeal of distributed leadership

With a systematic literature review, this article examines the significance of distributed leadership in healthcare, assessing the extent to which it reflects a consistent set of values, meanings, practices and outcomes. It identifies key mediating factors and their importance in enabling or constraining distributive leadership processes. The findings indicate that clinicians without formal leadership titles are inspiring change and driving improvements, although countervailing pressures are limiting this in practice. Distributed leadership is evident in the way that clinical teams function, and more could be made of this for the modernisation of healthcare. At present, this potential tends to be constrained, and subject to competing interpretations that reflect distinct occupational identities. Greater attention could be given to educational and developmental programmes that claim space for distributed influence among current and aspiring leaders, and for enabling arrangements that can help ‘ordinary leaders’ to feel less vulnerable and more confident about this aspect of their practice. Established approaches to leader development could be usefully refocused to prioritise collective processes and refine relational abilities, ideally with more inclusive, joint venture initiatives that bring formal and informal leaders together for mutual learning and effective engagement

Some Temperance on the Doctoral Studies and On-Line Education

Toward the goal of doctoral studies, it is necessary to combine two basic characteristics of independent study. I like to call it an independent study, which would be partial to capture the whole of graduate studies. As for its high honor, the title page of dissertation in vast of universities usually use the phrase “...submitted for the partial fulfillment of doctorate degree...”. That phrase implies that the completion of dissertation would be a major part of doctoral studies, but should be partial depending on some of additional factors. Idealistically, that could be the whole quality as an independent researcher or investigator, and possibly the kind of human paradigm as a prospective teacher. In any case, we would not be incorrect if we see our principal work at the graduate level learning the ways of independent scholar. In this context, I would propose some of elements to be addressed in the end to guide the paradigm of doctoral studies and especially involving the e-age

Annotated Corpus for Citation Context Analysis

In this paper, we present a corpus composed of 85 scientific articles annotated with 2092 citations analyzed using context analysis. We obtained a high Inter-annotator agreement; therefore, we assure reliability and reproducibility of the annotation performed by three coders in an independent way. We applied this corpus to classify citations according to qualitative criteria using a medium granularity categorization scheme enriched by annotated keywords and labels to obtain high granularity. The annotation schema handle three dimensions: PURPOSE: POLARITY: ASPECTS. Citation purpose define functions classification: use, critique, comparison and background with more specific classes stablished using keywords: Based on, Supply; Useful; Contrast; Acknowledge, Corroboration, Debate; Weakness and Hedges. Citation aspects complement the citation characterization: concept, method, data, tool, task, among others. Polarity has three levels: Positive, Negative and Neutral. We developed the schema and annotated the corpus focusing in applications for citation influence assessment, but we suggest that applications as summary generation and information retrieval also could use this annotated corpus because of the organization of the scheme in clearly defined general dimensions

Combination of Imaging Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Computed Microtomography for the Investigation of Bio-and Physicochemical processes in Structured Soils

Soil is a heterogeneous mixture of various organic and inorganic parent materials. Major soil functions are driven by their quality, quantity and spatial arrangement, resulting in soil structure. Physical protection of organic matter (OM) in this soil structure is considered as a vital mechanism for stabilizing organic carbon turnover, an important soil function in times of climate change. Herein, we present a technique for the correlative analysis of 2D imaging visible light near-infrared spectroscopy and 3D X-ray computed microtomography (mCT) to investigate the interplay of biogeochemical properties and soil structure in undisturbed soil samples. Samples from the same substrate but different soil management and depth (no-tilled topsoil, tilled topsoil and subsoil) were compared in order to evaluate this method in a diversely structured soil. Imaging spectroscopy is generally used to qualitatively and quantitatively identify OM with high spatial resolution, whereas 3D X-ray mCT provides high resolution information on pore characteristics. The unique combination of these techniques revealed that, in undisturbed samples, OM can be found mainly at greater distances from macropores and close to biopores. However, alterations were observed because of disturbances by tillage. The correlative application of imaging infrared spectroscopic and X-ray mCT analysis provided new insights into the biochemical processes affected by soil structural changes

A Meta-Analysis of FDI and Productivity Spillovers in Developing Countries

This meta-analysis reviews the intrasector heterogeneity of productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) in 31 developing countries through a larger more comprehensive data set. We investigate how the inconsistencies in the reported spillover findings are affected by publication bias, characteristics of the data, estimation techniques, and empirical specification, analyzing 1450 spillover estimates from 69 empirical studies published in 1986–2013. Our findings suggest that reported FDI spillover estimates are affected by publication bias. In combination with model misspecification of the primary studies, the bias overstates the genuine underlying meta-effect, but the meta-effect remains economically and statistically significant. Our results emphasize that spillovers and their sign largely depend systematically on specification characteristics of the primary studies and publication bias. Publication bias is not caused by “best practice” choices. Future research needs to cover more developing countries and to investigate not only whether spillovers occur, but also to explore inside the black box of how spillovers actually emerge

Exploiting Citation Knowledge in Personalised Recommendation of Recent Scientific Publications

In this paper we address the problem of providing personalised recommendations of recent scientific publications to a particular user, and explore the use of citation knowledge to do so. For this purpose, we have generated a novel dataset that captures authors’ publication history and is enriched with different forms of paper citation knowledge, namely citation graphs, citation positions, citation contexts, and citation types. Through a number of empirical experiments on such dataset, we show that the exploitation of the extracted knowledge, particularly the type of citation, is a promising approach for recommending recently published papers that may not be cited yet. The dataset, which we make publicly available, also represents a valuable resource for further investigation on academic information retrieval and filtering

Un análisis crítico del uso de pasivas y cláusulas de relativo en los artículos de investigación en Freshwater Ecology

Within the framework of comparative studies, this paper discusses the use of passives and relative clauses in Freshwater Ecology research articles. In a corpus of 20 articles, a critical analysis was undertaken in order to highlight existing differences between native and non-native English-speaking authors, male and female researchers, time periods and journal categories. Results revealed non-native English research writers making more use of both passives and relative structures. However, only gender differences were found in the use of relative clauses, with female researchers employing more relatives than their male counterparts. Temporal differences are consistent with previous research that noted a shift towards a less formal discourse in scientific writing. From a didactic point of view, findings of this study are expected to broaden the knowledge of existing variations in scientific writing so that EAP scholars may develop practical writing strategies at the undergraduate or postgraduate level in universities worldwide.En el marco de los estudios comparativos, este artículo analiza el uso de pasivas y subordinadas en artículos de investigación sobre ecología de agua dulce. En un corpus de 20 artículos, se llevó a cabo un análisis crítico con el fin de resaltar las diferencias existentes entre autores nativos y no nativos anglófonos, escritores y escritoras, períodos de tiempo y categorías de revistas. Los resultados revelaron que los autores no nativos anglófonos hacen un mayor uso de las estructuras pasivas y subordinadas. Sin embargo, solo se encontraron diferencias de género en el uso de subordinadas, siendo más empleadas por las escritoras que por los escritores. Las diferencias temporales son consistentes con investigaciones previas que notaron un cambio hacia un discurso menos formal en la escritura científica. Desde un punto de vista didáctico, se espera que los hallazgos de este estudio amplíen el conocimiento de las variaciones existentes en la escritura científica para que los académicos de IFA puedan desarrollar estrategias prácticas de escritura a nivel de grado o posgrado en universidades de todo el mundo

SLPD: Slide-level Prototypical Distillation for WSIs

Improving the feature representation ability is the foundation of many whole slide pathological image (WSIs) tasks. Recent works have achieved great success in pathological-specific self-supervised learning (SSL). However, most of them only focus on learning patch-level representations, thus there is still a gap between pretext and slide-level downstream tasks, e.g., subtyping, grading and staging. Aiming towards slide-level representations, we propose Slide-Level Prototypical Distillation (SLPD) to explore intra- and inter-slide semantic structures for context modeling on WSIs. Specifically, we iteratively perform intra-slide clustering for the regions (4096x4096 patches) within each WSI to yield the prototypes and encourage the region representations to be closer to the assigned prototypes. By representing each slide with its prototypes, we further select similar slides by the set distance of prototypes and assign the regions by cross-slide prototypes for distillation. SLPD achieves state-of-the-art results on multiple slide-level benchmarks and demonstrates that representation learning of semantic structures of slides can make a suitable proxy task for WSI analysis. Code will be available at https://github.com/Carboxy/SLPD.Comment: International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI