47,817 research outputs found
Cooperation with both synergistic and local interactions can be worse than each alone
Cooperation is ubiquitous ranging from multicellular organisms to human
societies. Population structures indicating individuals' limited interaction
ranges are crucial to understand this issue. But it is still at large to what
extend multiple interactions involving nonlinearity in payoff play a role on
cooperation in structured populations. Here we show a rule, which determines
the emergence and stabilization of cooperation, under multiple discounted,
linear, and synergistic interactions. The rule is validated by simulations in
homogenous and heterogenous structured populations. We find that the more
neighbors there are the harder for cooperation to evolve for multiple
interactions with linearity and discounting. For synergistic scenario, however,
distinct from its pairwise counterpart, moderate number of neighbors can be the
worst, indicating that synergistic interactions work with strangers but not
with neighbors. Our results suggest that the combination of different factors
which promotes cooperation alone can be worse than that with every single
factor.Comment: 32 pages, 4 figure
Comparing reactive and memory-one strategies of direct reciprocity
Direct reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation based on
repeated interactions. When individuals meet repeatedly, they can use
conditional strategies to enforce cooperative outcomes that would not be
feasible in one-shot social dilemmas. Direct reciprocity requires that
individuals keep track of their past interactions and find the right response.
However, there are natural bounds on strategic complexity: Humans find it
difficult to remember past interactions accurately, especially over long
timespans. Given these limitations, it is natural to ask how complex strategies
need to be for cooperation to evolve. Here, we study stochastic evolutionary
game dynamics in finite populations to systematically compare the evolutionary
performance of reactive strategies, which only respond to the co-player's
previous move, and memory-one strategies, which take into account the own and
the co-player's previous move. In both cases, we compare deterministic strategy
and stochastic strategy spaces. For reactive strategies and small costs, we
find that stochasticity benefits cooperation, because it allows for
generous-tit-for-tat. For memory one strategies and small costs, we find that
stochasticity does not increase the propensity for cooperation, because the
deterministic rule of win-stay, lose-shift works best. For memory one
strategies and large costs, however, stochasticity can augment cooperation.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figure
Stochastic evolutionary game dynamics
In this review, we summarize recent developments in stochastic evolutionary
game dynamics of finite populations.Comment: To appear in "Reviews of Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexity" Vol. II,
Wiley-VCH, 2009, edited by H.-G. Schuste
Asymmetric evolutionary games
Evolutionary game theory is a powerful framework for studying evolution in
populations of interacting individuals. A common assumption in evolutionary
game theory is that interactions are symmetric, which means that the players
are distinguished by only their strategies. In nature, however, the microscopic
interactions between players are nearly always asymmetric due to environmental
effects, differing baseline characteristics, and other possible sources of
heterogeneity. To model these phenomena, we introduce into evolutionary game
theory two broad classes of asymmetric interactions: ecological and genotypic.
Ecological asymmetry results from variation in the environments of the players,
while genotypic asymmetry is a consequence of the players having differing
baseline genotypes. We develop a theory of these forms of asymmetry for games
in structured populations and use the classical social dilemmas, the Prisoner's
Dilemma and the Snowdrift Game, for illustrations. Interestingly, asymmetric
games reveal essential differences between models of genetic evolution based on
reproduction and models of cultural evolution based on imitation that are not
apparent in symmetric games.Comment: accepted for publication in PLOS Comp. Bio
Optional games on cycles and complete graphs
We study stochastic evolution of optional games on simple graphs. There are
two strategies, A and B, whose interaction is described by a general payoff
matrix. In addition there are one or several possibilities to opt out from the
game by adopting loner strategies. Optional games lead to relaxed social
dilemmas. Here we explore the interaction between spatial structure and
optional games. We find that increasing the number of loner strategies (or
equivalently increasing mutational bias toward loner strategies) facilitates
evolution of cooperation both in well-mixed and in structured populations. We
derive various limits for weak selection and large population size. For some
cases we derive analytic results for strong selection. We also analyze strategy
selection numerically for finite selection intensity and discuss combined
effects of optionality and spatial structure
Altruism can proliferate through group/kin selection despite high random gene flow
The ways in which natural selection can allow the proliferation of
cooperative behavior have long been seen as a central problem in evolutionary
biology. Most of the literature has focused on interactions between pairs of
individuals and on linear public goods games. This emphasis led to the
conclusion that even modest levels of migration would pose a serious problem to
the spread of altruism in group structured populations. Here we challenge this
conclusion, by analyzing evolution in a framework which allows for complex
group interactions and random migration among groups. We conclude that
contingent forms of strong altruism can spread when rare under realistic group
sizes and levels of migration. Our analysis combines group-centric and
gene-centric perspectives, allows for arbitrary strength of selection, and
leads to extensions of Hamilton's rule for the spread of altruistic alleles,
applicable under broad conditions.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. Supplementary material with 50 pages and 26
figure
Evolutionary game theory: Temporal and spatial effects beyond replicator dynamics
Evolutionary game dynamics is one of the most fruitful frameworks for
studying evolution in different disciplines, from Biology to Economics. Within
this context, the approach of choice for many researchers is the so-called
replicator equation, that describes mathematically the idea that those
individuals performing better have more offspring and thus their frequency in
the population grows. While very many interesting results have been obtained
with this equation in the three decades elapsed since it was first proposed, it
is important to realize the limits of its applicability. One particularly
relevant issue in this respect is that of non-mean-field effects, that may
arise from temporal fluctuations or from spatial correlations, both neglected
in the replicator equation. This review discusses these temporal and spatial
effects focusing on the non-trivial modifications they induce when compared to
the outcome of replicator dynamics. Alongside this question, the hypothesis of
linearity and its relation to the choice of the rule for strategy update is
also analyzed. The discussion is presented in terms of the emergence of
cooperation, as one of the current key problems in Biology and in other
disciplines.Comment: Review, 48 pages, 26 figure
Fixation times in evolutionary games under weak selection
In evolutionary game dynamics, reproductive success increases with the
performance in an evolutionary game. If strategy performs better than
strategy , strategy will spread in the population. Under stochastic
dynamics, a single mutant will sooner or later take over the entire population
or go extinct. We analyze the mean exit times (or average fixation times)
associated with this process. We show analytically that these times depend on
the payoff matrix of the game in an amazingly simple way under weak selection,
ie strong stochasticity: The payoff difference is a linear
function of the number of individuals , . The
unconditional mean exit time depends only on the constant term . Given that
a single mutant takes over the population, the corresponding conditional
mean exit time depends only on the density dependent term . We demonstrate
this finding for two commonly applied microscopic evolutionary processes.Comment: Forthcoming in New Journal of Physic
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