Competing and Learning in Global Value Chains - Firms’ Experiences in the Case of Uganda. A study of five export sub-sectors with reference to trade between Uganda and Europe

Executive Summary and Chapter 5: Presentation and discussion of main finding

Novel deep learning architectures for marine and aquaculture applications

Alzayat Saleh's research was in the area of artificial intelligence and machine learning to autonomously recognise fish and their morphological features from digital images. Here he created new deep learning architectures that solved various computer vision problems specific to the marine and aquaculture context. He found that these techniques can facilitate aquaculture management and environmental protection. Fisheries and conservation agencies can use his results for better monitoring strategies and sustainable fishing practices

2,4-Dinitrophenol, the inferno drug: a netnographic study of user experiences in the quest for leanness.

Background: Despite not being licensed for human consumption, the Internet has triggered renewed, widespread interest and availability of 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP). DNP, a cellular metabolic poison, causes thermogenesis resulting in fat burning and weight loss. Whilst extensively available for purchase online, research on user experiences of DNP is limited. Methods: A netnographic approach was used to describe user experiences of DNP via online public websites. Public websites discussing DNP were identified and a purposeful sample selected. Discussion threads were downloaded and a textual qualitative analysis conducted. Four themes containing 71 categories were generated. Results: There exists a plethora of communal folk pharmacological advice and recommendations for DNP manufacture and use, together with associated harms and outcomes. The efficacy and untoward effects of DNP were described and discussed alongside the notion that DNP should only be used by experienced bodybuilders. Dosage and regimes for optimal use were also described. Conclusion: This unique study provides a rich examination of the knowledge, attitudes, and motivations of DNP users, illustrating the significant role of online public websites in sharing information. Further understanding of DNP users and the online communities in which they reside is warranted to facilitate engagement and formulate appropriate and effective policy responses

Handbuch Kommunikationsstrategien zur Schärfung des Umweltbewusstseins im Umgang mit Arzneimitteln : Forschungsvorhaben 37 08 61 400 des Umweltbundesamtes

In Germany, as in almost all industrial countries, active pharmaceutical substances can now be found in virtually all water bodies and occasionally also in drinking water. Even though the concentrations in question tend to be very low, there are initial signs of their impact on aquatic life. There is no evidence as yet of any acute consequences for human health. It is, however, impossible to rule out long-term consequences from these minimal concentrations or unexpected effects from the interaction between various active ingredients (cocktail effect). At special risk here are sensitive segments of the population such as children and the chronically ill. There is thus a need for action on precautionary grounds. The main actors in the health system are largely unaware of the problem posed by drug residues in water. Although knowledge cannot be equated with awareness – given the existence of the ‘not wanting to know' phenomenon – the first step is to generate a consolidated knowledge base. Only by creating awareness of the problem can further strategies be implemented to ultimately enlighten and bring about behavioural change. At stake here is the overall everyday handling of medications, including prescription, compliance, and drug-free disease prevention down to the doctor-patient relationship. The latter, namely, is often characterised by misunderstandings and a lack of communication about the – supposed – need to prescribe drugs. The first part of the strategy for the general public involves using various channels and media to address three different target groups. These were identified by ISOE in an empirical survey as reacting differently to the problem under review: · ‘The Deniers/Relativists' · ‘The Truth-Seekers' · ‘The Hypersensitives' The intention is to address each target group in the right tone and using the most suitable line of reasoning via specific media and with the proper degree of differentiation. The ‘Truth-Seekers' play an opinion-leading role here. They can be provided with highly differentiated information through sophisticated media which they then pass on to their dialogue partners in an appropriate form. The second part of the strategy for the general public relates to the communication of proper disposal routes for expired drugs. The goal is to confine disposal to pharmacies so that on no account are they flushed down the sink or toilet. Based on an analysis of typical errors in existing communications media on this topic, ISOE prepared recommendations for drafting proper information materials. In addressing pharmacists, the first priority is to convey hard facts: to this end we propose a PR campaign to place articles in the main specialist media. At the same time, the subject should feature in training and continuing education programmes. Another aim is to strengthen the advisory function of the pharmacies. The environmentally sensitive target group would indeed react positively to having their attention drawn to the issue of drug residues in water. For all other customers, the pharmacists can and should act as consultants: they emphasise how important it is to take medication as instructed (compliance) and use suitable pack sizes, and warn older customers in particular about the potential hazards of improper drug intake. The first stage of the communications strategy for doctors likewise revolves around knowledge. Here, however, it is important to take into account their self-image as scientists while in fact having little grasp of this specific area. The line to take is that of ‘discursive selfenlightenment'. This means that the issue of drug residues in water cannot be conveyed to doctors by laymen but must be taken up and imparted via the major media of the medical profession and by medical association officials (top-down). The second stage, namely that of raising doctors’ awareness of the problem, is likely to encounter strong resistance from some of the medical profession. They may fear a threat of interference in treatment plans from an environmental perspective and feel the need to emphasise that doctors are not responsible for environmental issues. As shown in empirical surveys by ISOE, such a defensive reaction is ultimately down to an underlying taboo: people are loath to discuss the over-prescription taking place in countless doctors' surgeries. And it is a fact that this problem cannot be tackled from the environmental perspective, although the goals of water protection are indeed consistent with the economic objectives of restraint in the deployment of drugs. Any communications measure for this target group has to bear in mind that doctors feel restricted by what they see as a ‘perpetual health reform' no matter which government is in power. On no account are they prepared to tolerate any new form of regulation, in this case for environmental reasons. An entirely different view of the problem is taken by ‘critical doctors' such as specialists in environmental health and those with a naturopathic focus. They are interested in the problem because they see a connection between the quality of our environment and our health. What is more, they have patients keen to be prescribed as few drugs as possible and who are instead interested in ‘talking medicine'. So, any communication strategy intent on tackling the difficult problem of oversubscribing drugs needs to look carefully at the experiences of these medical professionals and also at a ‘bottom-up strategy'. Implementation of strategic communications should be entrusted to an agency with experience in ‘issue management'. Knowledge of social marketing and the influencing of behaviour are further prerequisites. All important decisions should be taken by a consensus committee (‘MeriWa'1 round table), in which the medical profession, pharmacists and consumers are represented.In Deutschland und in fast allen Industrieländern finden sich mittlerweile Medikamentenwirkstoffe in nahezu allen Gewässern und vereinzelt auch im Trinkwasser. Auch wenn die Konzentrationen in der Regel sehr gering sind, lassen sich erste Anzeichen für Auswirkungen auf Wasserlebewesen nachweisen. Akute Folgen für die menschliche Gesundheit sind bisher nicht erwiesen. Es kann allerdings nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass sich Langzeitfolgen dieser Niedrigstkonzentrationen entwickeln und unerwartete Effekte durch die Wechselwirkung zwischen verschiedenen Wirkstoffen (Cocktaileffekt) entstehen. Besonders gefährdet sind dabei sensible Bevölkerungsgruppen wie Kinder und chronisch Kranke. Es besteht daher nicht zuletzt aus Vorsorgegründen Handlungsbedarf. Das Problem der Medikamentenreste im Wasser ist bei den wichtigsten Akteuren des Gesundheitssystems weitgehend unbekannt. Auch wenn Wissen nicht mit Bewusstsein gleichgesetzt werden kann – denn es gibt auch das Phänomen des Nicht-Wissen-Wollens – geht es in einem ersten Schritt darum, fundiertes Wissen zu erzeugen. Nur auf Basis dieser Sensibilisierung können weitere Strategien umgesetzt und letztendlich Aufklärung und Verhaltensänderungen erreicht werden. Dabei geht es um die gesamte Alltagspraxis im Umgang mit Medikamenten. Diese umfasst Fragen der Verschreibung, der Compliance, der nichtmedikamentösen Krankheitsvorsorge bis hin zum Arzt-Patienten-Verhältnis. Das ist nämlich häufig von Missverständnissen und mangelnder Kommunikation über – vermeintliche – Verschreibungsnotwendigkeiten geprägt. Der erste Teil der Strategie für die Bevölkerung soll über unterschiedliche Kanäle und Medien drei unterschiedliche Zielgruppen ansprechen, die in einer empirischen Untersuchung vom ISOE identifiziert wurden und auf das angesprochene Problem ganz unterschiedlich reagieren: · ‚Die Verleugner/Relativierer‘ · ‚Die Aufklärungsinteressierten‘ · ‚Die Hypersensiblen‘ Jede Zielgruppe soll in der passenden sprachlichen und argumentativen Art und Weise durch spezifische Medien und mit dem richtigen Grad der Differenziertheit angesprochen werden. Dabei spielen „die Aufklärungsinteressierten“ eine Opinionleader-Rolle. Sie können über anspruchsvolle Medien mit sehr differenzierten Informationen versorgt werden und geben dieses Wissen dann in angemessener Form an ihre Gesprächspartner weiter. Der zweite Teil der Strategie für die Bevölkerung bezieht sich auf die Kommunikation richtiger Entsorgungswege für Altmedikamente. Ziel ist es, dass Medikamentenreste nur noch in der Apotheke, keinesfalls aber in der Spüle oder in der Toilette entsorgt werden. Auf Grundlage einer Analyse typischer Fehler in bereits bestehenden Kommunikationsmedien zu diesem Thema hat das ISOE Empfehlungen zur richtigen Konzeption von Infomaterialien erarbeitet. Bei der Ansprache der Apotheker geht es in einem ersten Schritt um die Vermittlung von Faktenwissen: Wir schlagen dazu eine PR-Kampagne vor, die Artikel in den wichtigsten Fachmedien platziert. Gleichzeitig soll das Thema auch Teil der Aus- und Fortbildung werden. Zusätzlich soll die Beraterfunktion der Apotheken gestärkt werden. Die spezielle Zielgruppe der umweltsensiblen Kunden würde durchaus positiv darauf reagieren, wenn sie auf die Problematik der Medikamentenreste im Wasser hingewiesen würde. Bei allen anderen Kunden können und sollen die Apotheker ihre Rolle als Berater wahrnehmen: Sie betonen, wie wichtig die korrekte Einnahme (Compliance) und adäquate Packungsgrößen sind und warnen ihre Kunden, insbesondere die älteren, auch vor potenziellen Fehleinnahmen. Bei der Kommunikationsstrategie für Ärzte geht es im ersten Schritt ebenfalls um Wissen. Dabei muss aber deren Selbstverständnis als Wissenschaftler bei gleichzeitig niedrigem Wissensstand in diesem speziellen Feld berücksichtigt werden. Hier muss der Weg einer ‚diskursiven Selbstaufklärung‘ beschritten werden. Das Thema Medikamentenreste im Wasser kann somit nicht von Laien von außen an die Ärzte herangetragen werden, sondern muss in wichtigen Medien der Ärzteschaft und durch Verbandsfunktionäre angenommen und kommuniziert werden (top-down). Wenn es im zweiten Schritt um eine Problemsensibilisierung geht, muss mit starkem Widerstand eines Teils der Ärzteschaft gerechnet werden. Sie könnten fürchten, dass eine Einmischung in Heilungspläne aus Umweltsicht droht und betonen, dass Ärzte nicht für Umweltfragen zuständig seien. Letztlich steht – das haben empirische Untersuchungen des ISOE gezeigt – hinter dieser Problemabwehr ein Tabu: Es soll nicht darüber gesprochen werden, dass in zahlreichen Praxen zu viel verschrieben wird. Diese Problematik kann tatsächlich nicht aus der Umweltperspektive angegangen werden. Doch decken sich hier die Ziele des Gewässerschutzes mit den ökonomischen Zielen eines sparsamen Umgangs mit Arzneimitteln. Bei jeder Kommunikationsmaßnahme für diese Zielgruppe muss berücksichtigt werden, dass sich die Ärzte von dem, was sie als ‚Dauergesundheitsreform‘ aller Regierungen wahrnehmen, gegängelt fühlen. Sie sind keinesfalls bereit, eine neue Form der Regulierung, diesmal aus Umweltgründen, hinzunehmen. Ganz anders wird das Problem von ‚kritischen Ärzten‘ wie Umweltmedizinern und von Ärzten mit Naturheilschwerpunkt gesehen. Sie interessieren sich für die Problematik, weil sie einen Zusammenhang zwischen Umweltqualität und Gesundheit sehen. Außerdem haben sie Patienten, die an möglichst wenig Medikamentenverschreibungen, dafür aber an einer ‚sprechenden Medizin‘ interessiert sind. Wenn eine Kommunikationsstrategie also auch das schwierige Problem der übermäßigen Verschreibungen angehen will, empfiehlt es sich, die Erfahrungen dieser Mediziner einzubeziehen und zusätzlich auf eine ‚Bottom-up-Strategie‘ abzuzielen. Mit der Umsetzung der strategischen Kommunikation sollte eine Agentur beauftragt werden, die Erfahrungen im ‚Issue Management‘ vorweisen kann. Weiterhin sollte die Agentur Kenntnisse im Social Marketing und der Beeinflussung von Verhalten haben. Alle wichtigen Entscheidungen sollten von einem Konsens-Gremium (Runder Tisch ‚MeriWa‘1) verabschiedet werden, in dem die Ärzteschaft, die Apotheker sowie die Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher angemessen repräsentiert sind

The social-ecological dimensions of small-scale crab fisheries in Western Australia

The pivotal role of humans in social-ecological systems has been globally recognised, particularly for fisheries, yet human dimensions are often overlooked. The blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) is the most popular recreational fishery in south-western Australia and also supports a small-scale commercial fishery. This study analysed the human dimensions of this fishery using qualitative and quantitative data, including those extracted from interviews with commercial and recreational fishers, newspaper records and the literature. Social network analysis was used to define the fishery network structure and communication patterns between stakeholders. Government agencies and the commercial sector were identified as key groups for information sharing within the network. The results also revealed potential logistical and institutional barriers to effective communication between different groups. Additionally, historical records and fisher surveys were used to understand fishers’ perceptions of changes in crab stocks’ through time and revealed a perceived decrease in the average size of the crabs in the Peel-Harvey Estuary, which paralleled trends evident in the literature. Non-parametric analyses of interview data on the beliefs and attitudes of recreational and commercial fishers towards stock enhancement found that fishers understand the benefits and drawbacks of this approach but considered that the benefits were more likely to occur. Further investigation identified some differences (e.g., length of the seasonal closure) and commonalities (e.g., reducing fishing and increasing compliance) between recreational and commercial fishers’ concerns and the management approaches they supported. Finally, commercial fishers voiced a feeling of marginalisation influenced by new management measures implemented in 2019. They perceived the buyout of commercial licenses as limiting their access to the resource, while the lack of a shore-based recreational fishing license was seen to support the recreational sector. These new insights into commercial and recreational fishers’ views and understanding of the resource could be utilised to provide direction for future research and management of blue swimmer crab fisheries in south-western Australia. This is the first baseline study of the human dimensions of a fishery in Western Australia and provides an important contribution to understanding fisheries’ human dimensions in Australia and elsewhere

SeeCucumbers: using deep learning and drone iagery to detect sea cucumbers on coral reef flats

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea or holothurians) are a valuable fishery and are also crucial nutrient recyclers, bioturbation agents, and hosts for many biotic associates. Their ecological impacts could be substantial given their high abundance in some reef locations and thus monitoring their populations and spatial distribution is of research interest. Traditional in situ surveys are laborious and only cover small areas but drones offer an opportunity to scale observations more broadly, especially if the holothurians can be automatically detected in drone imagery using deep learning algorithms. We adapted the object detection algorithm YOLOv3 to detect holothurians from drone imagery at Hideaway Bay, Queensland, Australia. We successfully detected 11,462 of 12,956 individuals over 2.7ha with an average density of 0.5 individual/m2. We tested a range of hyperparameters to determine the optimal detector performance and achieved 0.855 mAP, 0.82 precision, 0.83 recall, and 0.82 F1 score. We found as few as ten labelled drone images was sufficient to train an acceptable detection model (0.799 mAP). Our results illustrate the potential of using small, affordable drones with direct implementation of open-source object detection models to survey holothurians and other shallow water sessile species

Environmental performance outcomes and indicators for indigenous peoples: Review of literature

The literature review in this report was the starting point for developing a Māori research strand (2003-2009) within the Planning Under Co-operative Mandates (PUCM) research programme (1995-2009). An early task of the PUCM Māori team was to review the international literature on environmental outcomes and indicators for indigenous peoples. This was in order to gain an understanding of what had been written on the subject and to become familiar with approaches taken by others that might provide lessons for the development of our proposed kaupapa Māori outcomes and indicators framework and methodology, which was aimed at local government performance in Aotearoa/New Zealand. This current report is not intended to provide an exhaustive catalogue of writings on environmental performance outcomes and indicators for indigenous peoples, including Māori. Rather, some of the more obvious and important writings are noted as a ready reference for others interested in this topic. Before detailing the approach we took in carrying out the review, the key terms, outcomes and indicators, are defined