24 research outputs found

    Determining object geometry with compliance and simple sensors

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    Mesure tactile proprioceptive pour des doigts sous-actionnés

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    RÉSUMÉ La préhension et la manipulation d’objets par des robots deviennent de plus en plus répandues dans divers domaines, et ce, pour de multiples applications. L’utilisation de robots permet d’améliorer la répétabilité, la rapidité et la précision lors de certaines tâches, et ce, comparativement aux performances d’un opérateur humain. De plus, un robot peut également être conçu pour accomplir certaines tâches qu’une personne ne pourrait effectuer, que ce soit au niveau de la force nécessaire ou du manque d’espace pour manoeuvrer. Des robots peuvent également plus aisément fonctionner dans des environnements hostiles. Tout comme pour l’être humain, la rétroaction tactile est particulièrement utile et même inévitable pour effectuer certaines tâches. Il faut toutefois souligner qu’il s’agit d’un thème de recherche où l’on est encore bien loin d’avoir atteint les performances humaines. Pour s’en approcher, de nombreuses et diverses technologies de capteurs tactiles existent, mais chacune comporte ses défauts. Ainsi, bien qu’il existe actuellement des solutions technologiques pour donner une rétroaction sensorielle à un robot ou à son opérateur, ces dernières s’avèrent généralement coûteuses, présentent différents défauts au niveau de la sensibilité et ne sont pas toujours adaptées à certaines utilisations. Dans l’optique de trouver une alternative efficace aux technologies conventionnelles de détection et de mesure tactiles, la présente thèse se concentre sur la possibilité d’utiliser la raideur inhérente du mécanisme de transmission d’un doigt sous-actionné. En effet, les doigts et les mains sous-actionnés sont de plus en plus communément utilisés pour leur simplicité propre et leur capacité à saisir et à s’adapter à la forme d’objet de manière purement mécanique sans schéma de commande complexe ou de nombreux actionneurs. Contrairement aux mécanismes pleinement actionnés, les doigts sous-actionnés, communément appelés adaptatifs, comportent des éléments passifs pour contraindre leur mouvement avant le contact, tout en permettant d’obtenir une prise stable sans développer des forces de contact trop élevées initialement. Les doigts sous-actionnés étant généralement dépourvus d’actionneurs à l’intérieur du doigt lui-même, les seuls capteurs déjà présents sont typiquement situés à l’unique actionneur. Toutefois, en analysant et traitant en temps réel les données de ces capteurs internes, également appelés proprioceptifs, il est possible d’extraire une panoplie d’informations sur ce qui se passe au niveau des phalanges. Ce principe est donc utilisé pour obtenir des algorithmes de détection tactile pouvant être utilisés sur différents systèmes, tels qu’une pince compliante et un préhenseurs à membrures.----------ABSTRACT Robotic hands have become more and more prevalent in many fields. They have replaced human operators in many repetitive applications where robots become more precise and efficient. Moreover, robotic graspers can lift heavier loads and accomplish maneuvers a human could not. They can also manipulate objects in hostile environments where it would be dangerous for humans. Therefore, a lot of work has been done in recent years to improve their capabilities such as their speed, dexterity, strength, and versatility. However, current robotic manipulators lack the sensory feedback of their human counterparts. Indeed, haptic and tactile feedbacks are still very limited in current devices, which may be a problem, because tactile sensing is deemed nearly mandatory for a large number of applications. Conventional tactile sensors, which are usually applied on the external surface of a robot, are generally used, but they can also be costly, insensitive to some dynamic phenomena, and not adequate to some applications. To solve these issues, many authors have worked on finding alternatives to standard tactile sensors. This thesis fits in this current trend by focusing on the possibility of using the internal stiffness of underactuated fingers to design a virtual tactile sensor. This technique is referred to as proprioceptive tactile sensing. It is applied here to underactuated robotics fingers, which are becoming prevalent in many fields. Underactuated mechanisms, sometimes referred to as self-adaptive, are particularly interesting because of their intrinsic ability to mechanically adapt themselves to the shape of an object without complex control laws and as low as only one actuator. As they have by definition less actuators, they generally have no sensor in the finger’s mechanism itself. Instead of adding new sensors, it is possible to take advantage of the sensors already present, such as the ones at the actuator. Therefore, in this thesis, only data provided by sensors at the actuator is used. Since a oneto-one relationship exists between the contact location and the instantaneous stiffness of the mechanism, it is possible to compute one from the other. Therefore, with the measurements from sensors at the actuator, it is possible to estimate the point of contact. To this aim, a complete model is proposed and experimental data is provided. Different algorithms were tested successfully on a compliant biocompatible gripper and a 2-DOF linkage-driven finger. Finally, an optimization procedure is presented with the aim of finding the optimal parameters of the transmission mechanism to improve the sensitivity of the virtual tactile sensor. The data presented in this thesis demonstrate the robustness of the proposed proprioceptive tactile sensing (PTS) technique

    Augmentation de performance des doigts sous-actionnés par actionnement multiple

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    RÉSUMÉ Les préhenseurs font partie des éléments critiques en robotique, notamment lorsqu’ils sont amenés à saisir des objets de formes et de grandeurs différentes. L’utilisation typique d’un actionneur pour chaque degré de liberté (DDL) constitue un système complexe nécessitant généralement l’utilisation de plusieurs capteurs et d’algorithmes de contrôle évolués. Les concepts sous-actionnés, pour leur part, ne nécessitent généralement pas ces éléments. Ils suscitent donc un intérêt grandissant et font l’objet de plus en plus d’études, le coût et le poids devenant des enjeux inévitables. La plupart des mécanismes sous-actionnés n’utilisent pas plus d’un actionneur agissant sur les mêmes DDL. Pour les doigts sous-actionnés, sujet de ce mémoire, l’utilisation d’un seul actionneur peut limiter les performances. L’objectif de la présente étude est de quantifier les avantages de l’actionnement multiple, c’est-à-dire l’utilisation de plusieurs actionneurs. Deux cas sont étudiés. Le premier porte sur l’amélioration des performances du point de vue de la saisie d’objets. Le deuxième porte sur le contrôle de la trajectoire de fermeture, c’est-à-dire le mouvement libre du doigt sans qu’il y ait contact avec un objet. Dans le premier cas, l’amélioration des performances de la prise englobante, c’est-à-dire enveloppant l’objet en maximisant le nombre de contacts, est évaluée pour différentes combinaisons d’actionneurs, après une optimisation de la géométrie pour chacune d’entre elles. Deux architectures sont étudiées, une pour laquelle un maximum de trois couples d’actionnement sont distribués à l’intérieur du mécanisme, et l’autre pouvant accueillir deux actionneurs dans la paume. Pour la première, une amélioration marquée de la performance est observée, alors que pour la deuxième, la différence est plutôt modeste. Dans le deuxième cas, l’architecture comportant deux actionneurs dans la paume est optimisée pour obtenir deux trajectoires de fermeture différentes. L’actionnement du doigt par un des actionneurs occasionne une trajectoire analogue à une prise englobante alors que l’utilisation du second en occasionne une pour laquelle la phalange distale demeure perpendiculaire à la paume. Un prototype de ce doigt ayant le comportement escompté est présenté. À la lumière de cette étude, il est clair qu’il y a avantage à utiliser plusieurs actionneurs sur un doigt sous-actionné, que ce soit pour améliorer les performances de la saisie d’objets ou pour permettre le contrôle de la trajectoire de fermeture.----------ABSTRACT Grippers are one of the critical elements in robotics, especially when they get to grasp differently shaped and sized objects. Typical use of one actuator per degree of freedom (DOF) leads to complex mechanisms generally needing many sensors and advanced control algorithms. However in most cases, underactuated designs do not need those components. Therefore, underactuated grippers are the focus of a growing number of works as cost and weight become inescapable issues. Most underactuated mechanisms use no more than one actuator for a set of DOF. As for underactuated fingers, topic of this work, using a single actuator can limit their performance. The main objective of this work is to quantify the advantages of multiple drive actuation, i.e., using several actuators. Two cases are studied. The first focuses on grasp performance augmentation. The second one is about motion control. In the first study case, grasp performance augmentation is assessed for various combinations of actuators, geometry being optimized for each one. Two architectures are studied, one for which a maximum of three torques inputs are distributed throughout the mechanism, and another able to accommodate two actuators in the palm. For the first one, a significant performance amelioration is observed, while for the second one, the difference is modest. In the second study case, the architecture using two actuators in the palm is optimized in order to obtain two distinct closing motions. Driving the finger with one actuator leads to a enveloping grasp like motion, while using the second one leads to a pinch grasp preshaping, i.e., a closing motion for which the distal phalanx remains perpendicular to the palm. A prototype showing the expected behaviour is presented. In the light of this study, it is clear that using several actuators on an underactuated finger is an advantage, whether it be for grasp performance augmentation or to allow motion control

    Contact sensing--a sequential decision approach to sensing manipulation contact features

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    Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-186).by Brian Scott Eberman.Ph.D

    Contact Sensing: A Sequential Decision Approach to Sensing Manipulation Contact

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    This paper describes a new statistical, model-based approach to building a contact state observer. The observer uses measurements of the contact force and position, and prior information about the task encoded in a graph, to determine the current location of the robot in the task configuration space. Each node represents what the measurements will look like in a small region of configuration space by storing a predictive, statistical, measurement model. This approach assumes that the measurements are statistically block independent conditioned on knowledge of the model, which is a fairly good model of the actual process. Arcs in the graph represent possible transitions between models. Beam Viterbi search is used to match measurement history against possible paths through the model graph in order to estimate the most likely path for the robot. The resulting approach provides a new decision process that can be use as an observer for event driven manipulation programming. The decision procedure is significantly more robust than simple threshold decisions because the measurement history is used to make decisions. The approach can be used to enhance the capabilities of autonomous assembly machines and in quality control applications

    The Federal Conference on Intelligent Processing Equipment

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    Research and development projects involving intelligent processing equipment within the following U.S. agencies are addressed: Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Energy, Department of Defense, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, NASA, National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation

    Using MapReduce Streaming for Distributed Life Simulation on the Cloud

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    Distributed software simulations are indispensable in the study of large-scale life models but often require the use of technically complex lower-level distributed computing frameworks, such as MPI. We propose to overcome the complexity challenge by applying the emerging MapReduce (MR) model to distributed life simulations and by running such simulations on the cloud. Technically, we design optimized MR streaming algorithms for discrete and continuous versions of Conway’s life according to a general MR streaming pattern. We chose life because it is simple enough as a testbed for MR’s applicability to a-life simulations and general enough to make our results applicable to various lattice-based a-life models. We implement and empirically evaluate our algorithms’ performance on Amazon’s Elastic MR cloud. Our experiments demonstrate that a single MR optimization technique called strip partitioning can reduce the execution time of continuous life simulations by 64%. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose and evaluate MR streaming algorithms for lattice-based simulations. Our algorithms can serve as prototypes in the development of novel MR simulation algorithms for large-scale lattice-based a-life models.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/scs_books/1014/thumbnail.jp

    Industry 4.0 for SMEs

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    This open access book explores the concept of Industry 4.0, which presents a considerable challenge for the production and service sectors. While digitization initiatives are usually integrated into the central corporate strategy of larger companies, smaller firms often have problems putting Industry 4.0 paradigms into practice. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) possess neither the human nor financial resources to systematically investigate the potential and risks of introducing Industry 4.0. Addressing this obstacle, the international team of authors focuses on the development of smart manufacturing concepts, logistics solutions and managerial models specifically for SMEs. Aiming to provide methodological frameworks and pilot solutions for SMEs during their digital transformation, this innovative and timely book will be of great use to scholars researching technology management, digitization and small business, as well as practitioners within manufacturing companies

    Advances in Manufacturing Technology XXVII: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR2013)

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    ICMR2013 was organised by Cranfield University on the 19-20 September 2013. The conference focuses on any aspects of product development, manufacturing technology, manufacturing systems, information systems and digital technologies. It provides an excellent avenue for researchers to present state-of-the-art multidisciplinary manufacturing research and exchange ideas. In addition to the four keynote speeches from Airbus and Rolls-Royce and three invited presentations, there are 108 papers in these proceedings. These papers are split into 24 technical sessions. The International Conference on Manufacturing Research is a major event for academics and industrialists engaged in manufacturing research. Held annually in the UK since the late 1970s, the conference is renowned as a friendly and inclusive environment that brings together a broad community of researchers who share a common goal; developing and managing the technologies and operations that are key to sustaining the success of manufacturing businesses. For over two decades, ICMR has been the main manufacturing research conference organised in the UK, successfully bringing researchers, academics and industrialists together to share their knowledge and experiences. Initiated a National Conference by the Consortium of UK University Manufacturing Engineering Heads (COMEH), it became an International Conference in 2003. COMEH is an independent body established in 1978. Its main aim is to promote manufacturing engineering education, training and research. To achieve this, the Consortium maintains a close liaison with government bodies concerned with the training and continuing development of professional engineers, while responding to the appropriate consultative and discussion documents and other initiatives. COMEH is represented on the Engineering Professor’s council (EPC) and it organises and supports national manufacturing engineering education research conferences and symposia
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