Human-AI Collaboration in Healthcare: A Review and Research Agenda

Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have led to the rise of human-AI collaboration. In healthcare, such collaboration could mitigate the shortage of qualified healthcare workers, assist overworked medical professionals, and improve the quality of healthcare. However, many challenges remain, such as investigating biases in clinical decision-making, the lack of trust in AI and adoption issues. While there is a growing number of studies on the topic, they are in disparate fields, and we lack a summary understanding of this research. To address this issue, this study conducts a literature review to examine prior research, identify gaps, and propose future research directions. Our findings indicate that there are limited studies about the evolving and interactive collaboration process in healthcare, the complementarity of humans and AI, the adoption and perception of AI, and the long-term impact on individuals and healthcare organizations. Additionally, more theory-driven research is needed to inform the design, implementation, and use of collaborative AI for healthcare and to realize its benefits

Enabling autistic sociality: unrealised potentials in two-sided social interaction

Research on autism, which is defined as a life-long developmental disability affecting social interaction, has focussed predominantly on how autistic individuals perceive and interact with others with less emphasis on the perspectives of their interactional partners. Yet autistic viewpoints have highlighted how other people are part of a two-way breakdown in interaction originating from differences between people rather than the deficit of any one individual, a phenomenon known as the double empathy problem. A gap therefore exists in the literature in terms of understanding how autistic sociality (i.e. the range of social opportunities possible for a given individual on the spectrum) is shaped by different interactional partners. This thesis examines the double empathy problem in three interactional contexts. Study 1 examines relationships between autistic people and their family members through focussing on perspective-taking, the ability to impute mental states to others. In light of prior research where autistic abilities have been assessed using abstract scenarios, Study 1 implements a two-way measure of perspective-taking which considers both sides of 22 real-life relationships (n=44) consisting of autistic adults and their family members, to understand how autistic people are seen by familiar others as well as vice versa. It uses a mixed-methods approach, where members of each dyad were individually asked about 12 topics, providing quantitative scores and qualitative explanation of their rating of Self, their rating of their partner, and their predicted rating by their partner. Comparison of perspectives provided a means for detecting misunderstandings and their underlying rationale. The contribution of Study 1 is that it shows perspective-taking is two-sided: family members can be biased in underestimating the perspective-taking of their autistic relatives, while autistic adults are aware of being negatively viewed despite disagreeing with such views. Study 2 examines interactions between autistic adults (n=30) partaking in a naturally occurring activity of video-gaming at a charity. It is a qualitative study using participant observation, with each conversational turn systematically rated in terms of coherence, affect and symmetry to identify the key features of neurodivergent intersubjectivity, the process through which autistic people build shared understanding in their own non-normative ways. The contribution of Study 2 is to identify two forms of neurodivergent intersubjectivity which enable shared understanding to be achieved, but which have traditionally been viewed as undesirable from a normative social viewpoint: a generous assumption of common ground that, when understood, lead to rapid rapport, and, when not understood, resulted in potentially disruptive utterances; and a low demand for coordination that ameliorated many challenges associated with disruptive turns. Study 3 examines interactions involving lay people (n=256) who believe they are interacting with an autistic partner through an online collaborative game, when in fact they are playing with an intelligent virtual agent (IVA) who behaves the same way for all participants. Its contribution is methodological as it develops a new application for simulating interactions in experimental research called Dyad3D. Study 3 uses Dyad3D to explore how disclosure of an autism diagnosis by the IVA affects social perception and social behaviour in comparison to a disclosure of dyslexia and a condition where there is no diagnostic disclosure. Combined with a post-game questionnaire, Study 3 triangulates self-reported (quantitative rating scales and qualitative explanation) and behavioural measures (quantitative scores of actions within the game) to understand the interplay of positive and negative discrimination elicited through using the label of autism. It highlights that diagnostic disclosure of autism leads to significant positive bias in social perception when compared to a disclosure of dyslexia or a no disclosure condition; yet participants are not as helpful towards the autistic IVA as they think they are, indicating a potential bias in helping behaviour. The thesis takes an abductive methodological approach which integrates with a wider call for a more participatory model of research in the study of autism. Abduction is a form of reasoning which involves the iterative development of a hypothesis that holds the best explanatory scope for the underlying phenomena observed. It is inherently aligned with a participatory model of research because abduction involves the ongoing exploration of ideas that may originate from multiple sources (i.e. interactions with autistic people as well as research outputs). Taking a more holistic approach to the development of knowledge with autistic people which recognises the legitimacy of different claims to knowledge is important, because prior research in the field has often failed to critically reflect on researcherparticipant positionality and the principals underlying the development of research agenda. For this reason, the thesis details the participatory activities which surround and interconnect with the development of the three empirical studies. Overall the thesis contributes to understanding autistic sociality as a dynamic, interactionally shaped process. It reasons that autistic people have unrealised social potential, both in terms of imagining other perspectives (Study 1) and coordinating with others (Study 2). However, such social potential may not be easily recognised by other non-autistic people who may be biased in their assumptions about autism (Study 1 and Study 3). Consequently, the evidence presented in this thesis helps to explain some of the processes that underscore the double empathy problems reported in literature, including poor mental health (because autistic people are aware that they are misunderstood by others, see Study 1), employment prospects (because autistic social potential is under-recognised by others, see Study 1 and 3), and quality of life (because neurotypical standards of communication are not compatible with neurodivergent forms of intersubjectivity, see Study 2). The thesis therefore makes suggestions for how we design enabling environments which are sensitive to the dynamic factors that can enable autistic sociality to flourish

Educating 21st Century Technology Career Professionals: Perspectives on Soft Skills

This study used the theories of Pedagogical Constructivism, Transformative Learning, and Social and Cultural Capital to understand better the soft skills competencies that need to be imparted to adult learners to thrive in a technological world. The study was set at Midwest Tech Company, a suburban software technology company located outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The research design was qualitative, using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected within interviews, focus group activities, and from documents. Analysis of the data collected revealed lived experiences of career technology professionals that described effective communication, willingness to learn, and the value of mentorship within technology professional work

2022 Huskies Showcase Schedule and Abstracts

The 2022 Huskies Showcase booklet includes: Schedule of events Listing of all student presentations by title, Our Husky Compact dimension, student presenter(s), faculty mentor(s), and abstract code Student project abstract

Delicate balance: what is it like for an organization consultant to work live?

People know what they do; they frequently know why they do what they do; but what they don't know is what what they do does. (Foucault cited in Shatter, 2011 p. 1) In this thesis I aim to shed light on the practice of working live from within the continuous emergence of transitory moments in order to get into aware contact with what I experience in each moment of now and with what I want to contribute to emerge in the next moment. I do this from the vantage point of what I call the living process perspective, that is, regarding the 'moving but invisible' (Shotter citing Anderson, Ibid., p. 75) phenomena of human living such as self, mind, present moment, intention, change, relationship, group, and organization as complex responsive self-organizing processes happening within and between human bodies in their local situation in the present. I argue that in contrast to this view the conventional change methods treat the phenomena of human living as if they were objects that we possess, can steer and control, thus splitting the experiencer from the experience and not working from within what is subjectively happening within and between people here now and next. I explain that although living and thus changing happens constantly from emerging moment to emerging moment there is a fundamental difference between simply being situated in the present moment (as we all are) and being consciously aware of and engaged with our experiencing in the present moment. I show that for the process of relating to ourselves, each other and the world at large not to develop into repetitive or going-through-the-motions patterns consisting of largely unaware,- habitual and self-identical gestures and responses, but become consciously aware of and actively engaged with our actual experiencing of now and next, working from within the process of experiencing itself - a phenomenological-dialogical practice of engaging with our moment-to-moment experiencing I call working live - is essential for our relational processes to become 'free-flowing and flexible' (Stacey, 2003b p. 364) and thus remain fresh and alive within the ever-changing process of living. In essence, I demonstrate how the practice_ of working live can help organizational consultants to engage with the process of living, this continuous flow of ( ... ) first-time, unique events ( ... ) without "losing the phenomenon", that is, without losing the novelty expressed in first-time occurrence by assimilating it to already existing rules, principles, or conventions. (Shatter, 2011 p. 219, his emphasis) I describe the practice of working live well as a conscious, embodied and improvisational, paradoxical moment-to-moment activity of being choiceful and deliberate while at the same time being spontaneous and intuitive. This is so because the transitory micro and macro outcomes of our individual and collective gestures can neither be controlled nor predicted, but can significantly impact people and the world at large. I then identify and describe the interrelated aspects constituting the essence of the experience of working live well. I go on to show that through paying conscious attention to one's emerging 'transitory understandings and action guiding anticipations' (Shotter, 2011 p. 60} it becomes possible to realize that we have much more latitude in each moment as to what to do next then we often realize. I explain that this is so because the continuous and self-organizing social processes of human living have neither fixed, pre-determined and inevitable steps nor final end-states or ideal outcomes, but are simply constantly arising and disappearing transitory and unique micro manifestations. That means the process of changing from emerging moment to emerging moment is only conditioned to a certain degree by what has gone on before and by what is anticipated in the future - a phenomenological experience I call the five movements of the present moment - and therefore the future 'is partly open' (Griffin, 2007 p. 109) to what we want to contribute to help emerge next. I conclude the thesis by identifying and describing the five working live practice routines of presencing, raising, thinking, reframing, and nexting. I regard this thesis as a useful addition to the still small but steadily growing number of academic publications 4 related to the practice of working live focusing predominantly on abstract, theoretical reasonings and/or accurate this-is-what-is-going-on-now descriptions and therefore see the unique contribution of my from within exploration as taking a small step towards offering 'living pragmatics' (Varela, Thompson and Rosch, 1993 p. 22), that is, being useable by and useful 'for everyday work people who want to inquire into what is involved in having to think 'in the moment', while 'in motion,' both from within the midst of the complexity, and in relation to unique, never before encountered first-time events' (Shotter, 2011 p. 1, his emphasis)

Karl Tomm’s Internalized Other Interviewing: From Theory to Practice

Over the last 40 years, the Canadian psychiatrist and family therapist Karl Tomm has been a key contributor to postmodern developments in family therapy (Collins & Tomm, 2009; Strong et al., 2008; Tomm, Hoyt, & Madigan, 2001). This dissertation traces the people, ideas, and practices that have influenced Tomm\u27s approach, providing an in- depth examination of the method he developed for putting his ideas into practice: Internalized Other Interviewing (IOI). A systemic, relational approach to the practice of postmodern family therapy uses language as a means to create change. Family therapists routinely use different types of questions to ask clients about other people in their lives. Direct, information-seeking questions privilege objectivity, whereas interpersonal perception questions privilege subjective assumptions and allow for new possibilities to arise. The IOI approach offers a third way to ask questions that privilege subject-dependent assumptions and embodied knowledge (K. Tomm, personal communication, August 15, 2019). By inviting clients to speak from their experience of the other, therapists gain entry to a broader base of knowledge.Grounded in social constructionism and bringforthism (Strong et al., 2008; Tomm, 1999, 2002, 2014b), IOI has remained relatively unrecognized and underutilized in clinical work. To date, the theoretical underpinnings and historical development of IOI have not been thoroughly delineated. This dissertation provides the necessary background information and detailed examples for therapists to put the practice in context.Archival information about case examples collected during and following the author\u27s externship at the Calgary Family Therapy Centre in August 2019 have been interwoven throughout the manuscript. These case descriptions, along with Karl Tomm\u27s reflective thoughts, are used to illustrate and illuminate the theory and practice of IOI, bringing to life Tomm\u27s inimitable way of working systemically with individuals, couples, and families

Relational Leadership, DevOps, and The Post-PC Era: Toward a Practical Theory for 21st Century Technology Leaders

This theoretically oriented scholarly personal narrative (SPN) explored how the constructionist view of relational leadership might be applied in a post-PC technological era marked by fast-paced innovation and an always ontechnology organization and infrastructure. Through reflecting on my personal and professional experience, I hope to offer the reflective scholar-practitioner new ways of thinking, present relational practices and suggest ways of being a leader participating in the fast-paced technology driven world. This new way of being combined both relational leadership and new DevOps practices that reduce organizational friction, break down departmental silos, and increase employee engagement in technology operations. Through this inquiry, I uncovered several practices and ways of being that are grounded in philosophical, theoretical, and social domains. In challenging the taken-for-granted reality of managing technology, I am attempting to produce practices for higher performance, humane, sustainable, and inspiring corporate information technology (IT) departments. For information regarding full-text access, please contact the author at: [email protected]

Relational Leadership, DevOps, and The Post-PC Era: Toward a Practical Theory for 21st Century Technology Leaders

This theoretically oriented scholarly personal narrative (SPN) explored how the constructionist view of relational leadership might be applied in a post-PC technological era marked by fast-paced innovation and an always on technology organization and infrastructure. Through reflecting on my personal and professional experience, I hope to offer the reflective scholar-practitioner new ways of thinking, present relational practices and suggest ways of being a leader participating in the fast-paced technology driven world. This new way of being combined both relational leadership and new DevOps practices that reduce organizational friction, break down departmental silos, and increase employee engagement in technology operations. Through this inquiry, I uncovered several practices and ways of being that are grounded in philosophical, theoretical, and social domains. In challenging the taken-for-granted reality of managing technology, I am attempting to produce practices for higher performance, humane, sustainable, and inspiring corporate information technology (IT) departments. The electronic version of this Dissertation is at AURA, http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/ and OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/et