Construction of Design Science Research Questions

Posing research questions represents a fundamental step to guide and direct how researchers develop knowledge in research. In design science research (DSR), researchers need to pose research questions to define the scope and the modes of inquiry, characterize the artifacts, and communicate the contributions. Despite the importance of research questions, research provides few guidelines on how to construct suitable DSR research questions. We fill this gap by exploring ways of constructing DSR research questions and analyzing the research questions in a sample of 104 DSR publications. We found that about two-thirds of the analyzed DSR publications actually used research questions to link their problem statements to research approaches and that most questions focused on solving problems. Based on our analysis, we derive a typology of DSR question formulation to provide guidelines and patterns that help researchers formulate research questions when conducting their DSR projects

Development instrument science process skills biology for Junior High School

Science process skills (SPS) are basic skills in science and tools of a scientist to investigate science phenomena. One of the ways to improve science process skills is by giving students practice questions. This study aims to develop a valid and reliable science process skills instrument. The research is developmental research using a procedural model adapted from Djaali and Muljono. These steps include the theory synthesis stage, the design stage (variable construction, development of question indicators, preparation of grids, making instruments, scoring), and the evaluation stage (validity test, reliability test, and item analysis). The research instruments used were expert validation sheets, practitioner assessment questionnaires, and product trial questions for 100 students. The results of judgment expert and practitioner judgment were processed descriptively. The empirical validity results, which are quantitative data, are processed using the software Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the developed questions were valid based on logical validity (89.43%) and empirical validity (84%). The reliability calculation shows the high category (0.66). This study concludes that the SPS questions developed are feasible to assess the process skills of biology subjects at the junior high school level

Where was COVID-19 first discovered? Designing a question-answering system for pandemic situations

The COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by a massive “infodemic” that makes it hard to identify concise and credible information for COVID-19-related questions, like incubation time, infection rates, or the effectiveness of vaccines. As a novel solution, our paper is concerned with designing a question-answering system based on modern technologies from natural language processing to overcome information overload and misinformation in pandemic situations. To carry out our research, we followed a design science research approach and applied Ingwersen’s cognitive model of information retrieval interaction to inform our design process from a socio-technical lens. On this basis, we derived prescriptive design knowledge in terms of design requirements and design principles, which we translated into the construction of a prototypical instantiation. Our implementation is based on the comprehensive CORD-19 dataset, and we demonstrate our artifact’s usefulness by evaluating its answer quality based on a sample of COVID-19 questions labeled by biomedical experts

Development of Quizizz Application-Based Test to Measure Science Process Skills of High School Students on Biodiversity Materials

This study aimed to develop a valid science process skills test both in terms of content and constructs. The selected biodiversity material is integrated into this test. The quizizz application is used so that this test can be accessed online. This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) 4-D model, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate. The final product of this development research is a science process-based test instrument to measure student skills that have been declared valid and feasible by experts in the form of 50 multiple-choice questions. This research trial was conducted on 40 high school students majoring in Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Quantitative data analysis was carried out based on the internal characteristics of the test, such as validity, reliability, level of difficulty, and discriminatory power. The results showed that the validity test contained 28 valid questions and 22 invalid questions. In the difficulty index, there are 33 easy questions, 16 easy questions and 0 difficult questions. There is also a distinguishing power of good criteria consisting of 12 questions, sufficient criteria for 20 questions, and flawed criteria for 18 questions. In the validity test with the material aspect, an average of 74% quite valid, the construction aspect on average 77% quite valid, and the language aspect are 91% quite valid. The students' science process skills are also classified as good, with 76.22 in the high category

Grounding knowledge and normative valuation in agent-based action and scientific commitment

Philosophical investigation in synthetic biology has focused on the knowledge-seeking questions pursued, the kind of engineering techniques used, and on the ethical impact of the products produced. However, little work has been done to investigate the processes by which these epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical forms of inquiry arise in the course of synthetic biology research. An attempt at this work relying on a particular area of synthetic biology will be the aim of this chapter. I focus on the reengineering of metabolic pathways through the manipulation and construction of small DNA-based devices and systems synthetic biology. Rather than focusing on the engineered products or ethical principles that result, I will investigate the processes by which these arise. As such, the attention will be directed to the activities of practitioners, their manipulation of tools, and the use they make of techniques to construct new metabolic devices. Using a science-in-practice approach, I investigate problems at the intersection of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science. I consider how practitioners within this area of synthetic biology reconfigure biological understanding and ethical categories through active modelling and manipulation of known functional parts, biological pathways for use in the design of microbial machines to solve problems in medicine, technology, and the environment. We might describe this kind of problem-solving as relying on what Helen Longino referred to as “social cognition” or the type of scientific work done within what Hasok Chang calls “systems of practice”. My aim in this chapter will be to investigate the relationship that holds between systems of practice within metabolic engineering research and social cognition. I will attempt to show how knowledge and normative valuation are generated from this particular network of practitioners. In doing so, I suggest that the social nature of scientific inquiry is ineliminable to both knowledge acquisition and ethical evaluations

Participatory design of citizen science experiments

This article describes and analyzes the collaborative design of a citizen science research project through cocreation. Three groups of secondary school students and a team of scientists conceived three experiments on human behavior and social capital in urban and public spaces. The study goal is to address how interdisciplinary work and attention to social concerns and needs, as well as the collective construction of research questions, can be integrated into scientific research. The 95 students participating in the project answered a survey to evaluate their perception about the dynamics and tools used in the cocreation process of each experiment, and the five scientists responded to a semistructured interview. The results from the survey and interviews demonstrate how citizen science can achieve a “cocreated” modality beyond the usual “contributory” paradigm, which usually only involves the public or amateurs in data collection stages. This type of more collaborative science was made possible by the adaptation of materials and facilitation mechanisms, as well as the promotion of key aspects in research such as trust, creativity and transparency. The results also point to the possibility of adopting similar codesign strategies in other contexts of scientific collaboration and collaborative knowledge generatio

A Conversation on Labour & Practice

Automated approaches to design, fabrication, and construction present disruptive and potentially transformative challenges to the conventional practice of architecture, as computational workflows recalibrate traditional roles and responsibilities in the production of buildings. How does computational design change how labor is defined and enacted in architectural and construction practice? What are the ethical implications and questions that arise in this context, particularly as we consider the implications of uncompensated or under-compensated labor of those doing computational work? This keynote event brings together three architects and thinkers to critically explore the intersections between computation, labor, and practice. Peggy Deamer is Professor Emerita of Yale University’s School of Architecture, principal in the firm of Deamer, Studio, and a founding member of the Architecture Lobby, a group advocating for the value of architectural design and labor. Billie Faircloth is a Partner at KieranTimberlake, where she leads a transdisciplinary group leveraging research, design, and problem-solving processes across fields including environmental management, chemical physics, materials science, and architecture. Mollie Claypool is an architecture theorist and activist at AUAR and UCL Bartlett. Her work broadly focuses on issues of social justice highlighted by increasing automation in architecture and design production, such as the future of work, housing, platforms, localised manufacturing, and circular economies

Pengembangan Instrumen Asesmen Kognitif Sifat Koligatif Larutan Elektrolit Berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains

This research which was use research and development design was conducted with the purposes to develop assessment instrument based on science process skills on the colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. The judge­ments result about the developed assessment instrument has a high criteria, the suitability of topic content level at 89.2%, legibility level at 88.5%, and construction level at 90.0% with the characteristics of the developed assessment instrumen was type of written test consists of 11 descriptive questions that measure cognitive description of Science Process Skills. Based on the responses of teacher, developed assessment instrument have the suitability of topic content, legibility and construction were 90.0%, 90.7%, and 92.0% respectively so that the developed assessment ins­trument was said valid. Penelitian dengan menggunakan desain penelitian dan pengembangan ini telah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengembangkan instrumen asesmen berbasis KPS pada sifat koligatif larutan elektrolit. Hasil validasi ahli mengenai instrumen asesmen yang dikembangkan memiliki tingkat kesesuaian isi materi 89.2%, tingkat keterbacaan 88,5%, dan tingkat konstruksi 90%, dengan karakteristik instrumen asesmen yang dikembangkan berupa jenis tes tertulis yang terdiri dari 11 soal uraian yang mengukur ranah kognitif KPS. Berdasarkan tanggapan guru, instrumen asesmen yang dikembangkan memiliki kriteria sangat tinggi pada aspek kesesuaian isi materi, keterbacaan, dan konstruksi berturut-turut 90.0%, 90.7%, dan 92.0% sehingga instrumen asesmen yang dikembangkan dapat dinyatakan valid