The Web as a Corpus and for Building corpora in the Teaching of Specialised Translation: The Example of Texts in Healthcare

Abstract: One of the key issues faced by translators and translation students of specialised texts is finding the equivalents of terms in L2 of the field in question. A greater challenge, however, is the formation of the textual environment with the appropriate collocations (adjectives, nouns, verbs) for those terms in the language for special purposes (LSP). The web offers the most convenient and immediate solution by providing access to updated language data presenting the terms in original contexts that help overcome the shortcomings of hard copy lexicographic resources. Taking into account the importance of documentation skills in the training of translators of specialised texts, this paper examines the use of the Web as a Mega Corpus that can be read directly with Google and as a means for constructing corpora automatically with the help of the WebBootCat software. The texts dealt with in this paper are from the healthcare field, which is an important sector of the public service. Resumen: Uno de los retos clave a que se enfrentan los traductores de textos especializados y los estudiantes de traducción es encontrar los equivalentes de términos en la L2 del área en cuestión. Sin embargo, aún mayor resulta el reto de conformar el ambiente textual con las colocaciones apropiadas (adjetivos, substantivos, verbos) alrededor de esos términos. La red ofrece la solución más conveniente e inmediata al otorgar acceso a datos lingüísticos actualizados que presentan los términos en contextos originales que ayudan a pasarse de las deficiencias de los recursos lexicográficos en forma de libro. Tomando en consideración la importancia de las capacidades de documentarse en la formación de traductores de textos especializados, en este artículo se examinará el uso de la Red como un Mega Corpus que se puede leer directamente con Google y como medio de construcción de córpora de manera automática con la ayuda del soporte WebBootCat. Los textos tratados en este trabajo provienen del área de la salud, que es un sector importante de los servicios públicos

Genre awareness in professional and academic language: the importance of “packing” knowledge appropriately in professional settings and academia

The aim of this article is to provide insights on the importance of genre awareness in the study, correct understanding and accurate use of Professional and Academic Language (PAL), with special emphasis being placed on the language of industrial ceramics and that used in academia. First of all, the concept of PAL as the big “container” of specialised languages is put forward and linked with the notion of genre as a communicative event characterised by its recurrent, dynamic, recognisable, expectable and conventionalised nature and by the communicative purpose it aims to achieve. Such a description attempts to show how the correct understanding and use of PAL goes beyond merely terminological considerations and in fact needs genre so that it can be “packed” appropriately for the audience. Thus, the importance of genre in PAL is analysed from two main points of view: firstly, by focusing on its more professional aspects (dealing with the relevance of generic balance in corpus compilation and of genre awareness in general in discourse communities) and, secondly, by focusing on the importance of observing generic conventions (even “constraints”) in academia. Additionally, digital genres are also analysed as an increasingly significant way of packaging information, all this leading to the conclusion that genre awareness necessarily implies accomplishing the expectations and conventionalised use of language (both general or professional and academic) established by discourse communitie

La empatía en la experiencia turística online. Adjetivos y patrones de uso más frecuentes del lenguaje promocional en inglés y en español

This paper focuses on the identification and analysis of recurring adjective patterns in Spanish and English tourism promotional content available online. The study discusses how prototypical utterances may trigger empathy in each language, with high-frequency adjectives and emotional relevance being key in the addressees’ expectations as predictors of genuineness. This research offers a corpus-based approach to linguistic tendencies and presents empathy as a step beyond persuasion in translated or copywritten materials. To that end, a bilingual, ad hoc corpus recently compiled from institutional websites was examined in order to collect significant samples of persuasive elements in online tourism discourse. The results obtained show both common and contrastive aspects in the two languages, with empathy being preferably boosted under the assumption that positiveness and a specific proportion of frequent adjectives yield desirable effects among speakers of Spanish and English.El presente trabajo tiene por objeto la identificación y el análisis de patrones con adjetivos recurrentes en contenidos online sobre promoción turística en inglés y en español. En particular, el estudio plantea el potencial que presentan los segmentos prototípicos de cada lengua como disparadores de la empatía, a la vez que se centra en la frecuencia y la relevancia emocional de los adjetivos más habituales por su capacidad predictiva respecto a las expectativas de los destinatarios y el carácter genuino del lenguaje. Así mismo, esta investigación ofrece un enfoque basado en el análisis de corpus sobre tendencias lingüísticas en las que la empatía se concibe como un estadio adicional a la persuasión susceptible de debate en materiales traducidos o géneros publicitarios. A este respecto, se ha partido de un corpus bilingüe ad hoc elaborado a partir de páginas web institucionales con idea de reunir muestras significativas sobre tales elementos persuasivos en el discurso turístico online. Como resultado, se ha concluido que existen puntos en común y aspectos contrastivos entre ambas lenguas que ocupan una posición preferente como desencadenantes de la empatía al asumir que la carga positiva en determinadas proporciones de adjetivos frecuentes produce efectos deseables entre los hablantes de cada idioma

La web como corpus y para la construcción de corpus en la enseñanza de la traducción especializada: El ejemplo de los textos sobre salud

One of the key issues faced by translators and translation students of specialised texts is finding the equivalents of terms in L2 of the field in question. A greater challenge, however, is the formation of the textual environment with the appropriate collocations (adjectives, nouns, verbs) for those terms in the language for special purposes (LSP). The web offers the most convenient and immediate solution by providing access to updated language data presenting the terms in original contexts that help overcome the shortcomings of hard copy lexicographic resources. Taking into account the importance of documentation skills in the training of translators of specialised texts, this paper examines the use of the Web as a Mega Corpus that can be read directly with Google and as a means for constructing corpora automatically with the help of the WebBootCat software. The texts dealt with in this paper are from the healthcare field, which is an important sector of the public service.Uno de los retos clave a que se enfrentan los traductores de textos especializados y los estudiantes de traducción es encontrar los equivalentes de términos en la L2 del área en cuestión. Sin embargo, aún mayor resulta el reto de conformar el ambiente textual con las colocaciones apropiadas (adjetivos, substantivos, verbos) alrededor de esos términos. La red ofrece la solución más conveniente e inmediata al otorgar acceso a datos lingüísticos actualizados que presentan los términos en contextos originales que ayudan a pasarse de las deficiencias de los recursos lexicográficos en forma de libro. Tomando en consideración la importancia de las capacidades de documentarse en la formación de traductores de textos especializados, en este artículo se examinará el uso de la Red como un Mega Corpus que se puede leer directamente con Google y como medio de construcción de córpora de manera automática con la ayuda del soporte WebBootCat. Los textos tratados en este trabajo provienen del área de la salud, que es un sector importante de los servicios públicos

Exploring the use of parallel corpora in the complilation of specialised bilingual dictionaries of technical terms: a case study of English and isiXhosa

Text in EnglishAbstracts in English, isiXhosa and AfrikaansThe Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, mandates the state to take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and the use of indigenous languages. The implementation of this pronouncement resulted in a growing demand for specialised translations in fields like technology, science, commerce, law and finance. The lack of terminology and resources such as specialised bilingual dictionaries in indigenous languages, particularly isiXhosa remains a growing concern that hinders the translation and the intellectualisation of isiXhosa. A growing number of African scholars affirm the importance of specialised dictionaries in the African languages as tools for language and terminology development so that African languages can be used in the areas of science and technology. In the light of the background above, this study explored how parallel corpora can be interrogated using a bilingual concordancer, ParaConc to extract bilingual terminology that can be used to create specialised bilingual dictionaries. A corpus-based approach was selected due to its speed, efficiency and accuracy in extracting bilingual terms in their immediate contexts. In enhancing the research outcomes, Descriptive Translations Studies (DTS) and Corpus-based translation studies (CTS) were used in a complementary manner. Because the study is interdisciplinary, the function theories of lexicography that emphasise the function and needs of users were also applied. The analysis and extraction of bilingual terminology for dictionary making was successful through the use of the following ParaConc features, namely frequencies, hot word lists, hot words, search facility and concordances (Key Word in Context), among others. The findings revealed that English-isiXhosa Parallel Corpus is a repository of translation equivalents and other information categories that can make specialised dictionaries more user-friendly and multifunctional. The frequency lists were revealed as an effective method of selecting headwords for inclusion in a dictionary. The results also unraveled the complex functions of bilingual concordances where information on collocations and multiword units, sense distinction and usage examples could be easily identifiable proving that this approach is more efficient than the traditional method. The study contributes to the knowledge on corpus-based lexicography, standardisation of finance terminology resource development and making of user-friendly dictionaries that are tailor-made for different needs of users.Umgaqo-siseko weli loMzantsi Afrika ukhululele uRhulumente ukuba athabathe amanyathelo abonakalayo ekuphuhliseni nasekuphuculeni iilwimi zesiNtu. Esi sindululo sibangele ukwanda kokuguqulelwa kwamaxwebhu angezobuchwepheshe, inzululwazi, umthetho, ezemali noqoqosho angesiNgesi eguqulelwa kwiilwimi ebezifudula zingasiwe-so ezinjengesiXhosa. Ukunqongophala kwesigama kunye nezichazi-magama kube yingxaki enkulu ekuguquleleni ngakumbi izichazi-magama ezilwimi-mbini eziqulethe isigama esikhethekileyo. Iingcali ezininzi ziyangqinelana ukuba olu hlobo lwezi zichazi-magama luyimfuneko kuba ludlala iindima enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kweelwimi zesiNtu, ekuyileni isigama, nasekusetyenzisweni kwazo kumabakala obunzululwazi nobuchwepheshe. Olu phando ke luvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwekhophasi equlethe amaxwebhu esiNgesi neenguqulelo zawo zesiXhosa njengovimba wokudimbaza isigama sezemali esinokunceda ekuqulunqweni kwesichazi-magama esilwimi-mbini. Isizathu esibangele ukukhetha le ndlela yophando esebenzisa ikhompyutha kukuba iyakhawuleza, ulwazi oluthathwe kwikhophasi luchanekile, yaye isigama kwikhophasi singqamana ngqo nomxholo wamaxwebhu nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukufumana iintsingiselo nemizekelo ephilayo. Ukutyebisa olu phando indlela yekhophasi iye yaxhaswa zezinye iindlela zophando ezityunjiweyo: ufundo lwenguguqulelo oluchazayo (DTS) kunye neendlela zokuguqulela ezijoliswe kumsebenzi nakuhlobo lwabasebenzisi zinguqulelo ezo. Kanti ke ziqwalaselwe neenkqubo zophando lobhalo-zichazi-magama eziinjongo zokuqulunqa izichazi-magama ezesebenzisekayo neziluncedo kuninzi lwabasebenzisi zichazi-magama ngakumbi kwisizwe esisebenzisa iilwimi ezininzi. Ukuhlalutya nokudimbaza isigama kwikhophasi kolu phando kusetyenziswe isixhobo sekhompyutha esilungiselelwe ikhophasi enelwiimi ezimbini nangaphezulu ebizwa ngokuba yiParaConc. Iziphumo zolu phando zibonise mhlophe ukuba ikhophasi eneenguqulelo nguvimba weendidi ngendidi zamagama nolwazi olunokuphucula izichazi-magama zeli xesha. Kaloku abaguquleli basebenzise amaqhinga ngamaqhinga ukunika iinguqulelo bekhokelwa yimigomo nemithetho yoguqulelo enxuse abasebenzisi bamaxwebhu aguqulelweyo. Ubuchule beParaConc bokukwazi ukuhlela amagama ngokwendlela afumaneka ngayo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani budandalazise indlela eyiyo yokukhetha imichazwa enokungena kwisichazi-magama. Iziphumo zikwabonakalise iintlaninge yolwazi olufumaneka kwiKWIC, lwazi olo olungelula ukulufumana xa usebenzisa undlela-ndala wokwakha isichazi-magama. Esi sifundo esihlanganyele uGuqulelo olusekelwe kwiKhophasi noQulunqo-zichazi-magama zobuchwepheshe luya kuba negalelo elingathethekiyo kwindlela yokwakha izichazi-magama kwilwiimi zeSintu ngokubanzi nancakasana kwisiXhosa, nto leyo eya kothula umthwalo kubaqulunqi-zichazi-magama. Ukwakha nokuqulunqa izichazi-magama ezilwimi-mbini zezemali kuya kwandisa imithombo yesigama esinqongopheleyo kananjalo sivelise izichazi-magama eziluncedo kwisininzi sabantu.Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Wet 108 van 1996, gee aan die staat die mandaat om praktiese en positiewe maatreëls te tref om die status en gebruik van inheemse tale te verhoog. Die implementering van hierdie uitspraak het gelei tot ’n toenemende vraag na gespesialiseerde vertalings in domeine soos tegnologie, wetenskap, handel, regte en finansies. Die gebrek aan terminologie en hulpbronne soos gespesialiseerde woordeboeke in inheemse tale, veral Xhosa, wek toenemende kommer wat die vertaling en die intellektualisering van Xhosa belemmer. ’n Toenemende aantal vakkundiges in Afrika beklemtoon die belangrikheid van gespesialiseerde woordeboeke in die Afrikatale as instrumente vir taal- en terminologie-ontwikkeling sodat Afrikatale gebruik kan word in die areas van wetenskap en tegnologie. In die lig van die voorafgaande agtergrond het hierdie studie ondersoek ingestel na hoe parallelle korpora deursoek kan word deur ’n tweetalige konkordanser (ParaConc) te gebruik om tweetalige terminologie te ontgin wat gebruik kan word in die onwikkeling van tweetalige gespesialiseerde woordeboeke. ’n Korpusgebaseerde benadering is gekies vir die spoed, doeltreffendheid en akkuraatheid waarmee dit tweetalige terme uit hulle onmiddellike kontekste kan onttrek. Beskrywende Vertaalstudies (DTS) en Korpusgebaseerde Vertaalstudies (CTS) is op ’n aanvullende wyse gebruik om die navorsingsuitkomste te verbeter. Aangesien die studie interdissiplinêr is, is die funksieteorieë van leksikografie wat die funksie en behoeftes van gebruikers beklemtoon, ook toegepas. Die analise en ontginning van tweetalige terminologie om woordeboeke te ontwikkel was suksesvol deur, onder andere, gebruik te maak van die volgende ParaConc-eienskappe, naamlik, frekwensies, hotword-lyste, hot words, die soekfunksie en konkordansies (Sleutelwoord-in-Konteks). Die bevindings toon dat ’n Engels-Xhosa Parallelle Korpus ’n bron van vertaalekwivalente en ander inligtingskategorieë is wat gespesialiseerde woordeboeke meer gebruikersvriendelik en multifunksioneel kan maak. Die frekwensielyste is geïdentifiseer as ’n doeltreffende metode om hoofwoorde te selekteer wat opgeneem kan word in ’n woordeboek. Die bevindings het ook die komplekse funksies van tweetalige konkordansers ontknoop waar inligting oor kollokasies en veelvuldigewoord-eenhede, betekenisonderskeiding en gebruiksvoorbeelde maklik identifiseer kon word wat aandui dat hierdie metode viii doeltreffender is as die tradisionele metode. Die studie dra by tot die kennisveld van korpusgebaseerde leksikografie, standaardisering van finansiële terminologie, hulpbronontwikkeling en die ontwikkeling van gebruikersvriendelike woordeboeke wat doelgemaak is vir verskillende behoeftes van gebruikers.Linguistics and Modern LanguagesD. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics (Translation Studies)

Communicating (in) wine tourism: what are the paths for harmonising the sector and the Translation Process?

Wine tourism is an emerging area of specialisation to which several areas of knowledge (marketing, economics, anthropology, viticulture, etc.) converge. Portugal’s wine culture has a long tradition and is internationally recognised, placing it at the forefront of economic, professional, and academic initiatives in this sector. Communication between specialists and between specialists and national and international wine tourists requires an international terminology that is, simultaneously, mindful of tradition and that favours inclusive, efficient, and competitive trade exchanges. 226 Our research aims to contribute to the terminological harmonisation of Portuguese wine tourism, even though no ISO/IPQ standards have been issued in this emerging transdisciplinary area. In this article, two comparable academic sub-corpora (10 theses) on wine tourism will be analysed. Their comparison was carried out with the Sketch Engine programme, which allows, in addition to corpus management, to extract terms, identify keywords and represent their conceptual organisation. Our methodological approach included the analysis of the results based on the 50 most relevant terms in each of the corpus. Ten case studies taken from the corpora emphasise the diversity of terminogenic patterns in each language, the influence of cultural factors in the specialised wine tourism terminology of both languages, and, lastly, the influence of the English language on Portuguese wine tourism terminology. These results should be considered in the proposal of harmonised terminologies and in the translation of specialised wine tourism discourse.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

An exploration of evaluative meanings in tourist brochures : the case of British castles

Maestría en Lenguas Inglesa con orientación en Lingüística AplicadaFil: Faletti, Paula M. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Lenguas; Argentina.The focus of analysis in the present study will be on how writers establish evaluative prosodies that resonate across their promotional discourse and try to accomplish reader positioning by means of their semantic choices. It seems pertinent, then, to bring into play a model of discourse analysis apposite to the study of evaluative resources. The theory drawn upon for this study is Systemic Functional Linguistics (henceforth SFL), which will be delineated in the following chapter (Halliday, 1994, 2004; Martin, 2000, 2002, 2004; Martin & Rose, 2003, 2007). SFL theorises language as social semiotic, as a meaning-making system from which users choose linguistic resources when they engage in communication. It regards language as organised into different strata and performing three major metafunctions: it construes a world of experience (ideational metafunction), it establishes relationships between people (interpersonal metafunction) and it organises discourse (textual metafunction). In SFL the meaning potential of language is described in terms of interrelating sets of options organised as systems (Economou, 2009). Meaning is realised metafunctionally –as interpersonal, ideational and textual meanings– by the choices language users make out of the possibilities available in the language systems. In other words, meaning choices can be realised across different systems of lexicogrammar (Hood, 2004). EVALUATION1 , alongside INVOLVEMENT and NEGOTIATION, is one of three major resources that construe interpersonal meaning. It is located in the interpersonal dimension of language, at the level of discourse semantics – the stratum that maps meaning systems available at the level of text. Analysing Evaluation in language involves the study of the resources writers make use of when adopting a particular stance in an attempt to align the readers with the value position advanced in the text. These aspects of the interpersonal metafunction have been elaborated on by Martin (2000), Martin and Rose (2003), and Martin and White (2005) in the APPRAISAL model.Fil: Faletti, Paula M. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Lenguas; Argentina

A call for the environment: A bilingual corpus-driven analysis of creative language in online texts by WWF and Greenpeace

Since its development as a discipline in the 1980s, environmental communication has sought to inform and warn people about the threats and issues that concern nature and wildlife by providing an accurate representation of them. There are a variety of actors and media that have contributed to spread such communication and raise awareness about environmental issues, both on a local and a global level. In order to reach even lay people and to fulfil their persuasive purpose, environment texts have undergone a process of popularisation and have exploited every linguistic resource, including the most creative ones. This dissertation aims at investigating the use of creative solutions in environment texts published by two environmental organisations, namely, WWF and Greenpeace. This investigation was carried out by designing a comparable corpus, consisting of online texts in Italian, British English and American English found in the websites of such NGOs. The study focused on the titles and subheadings of those texts, which were classified and grouped according to the type of lexical creativity they contain. The analysis showed that only a minority of cases included traditional figures of speech and idiomatic expressions that maintained their original form and meaning, as the majority contained manipulations at the semantic, structural, or phonological level. These deformations concerned collocations, idioms, and even quotes of famous books, songs, films, and other cultural or intertextual references. However, the most used device in the corpus turned out to be wordplay, followed by the exploitation of the polysemy of words that is generated in a particular context. Overall, it was observed that what affects the choice towards a creative device rather than another is not the general topic but the specific content of that text