105 research outputs found
Near-Field Communications: A Tutorial Review
Extremely large-scale antenna arrays, tremendously high frequencies, and new
types of antennas are three clear trends in multi-antenna technology for
supporting the sixth-generation (6G) networks. To properly account for the new
characteristics introduced by these three trends in communication system
design, the near-field spherical-wave propagation model needs to be used, which
differs from the classical far-field planar-wave one. As such, near-field
communication (NFC) will become essential in 6G networks. In this tutorial, we
cover three key aspects of NFC. 1) Channel Modelling: We commence by reviewing
near-field spherical-wave-based channel models for spatially-discrete (SPD)
antennas. Then, uniform spherical wave (USW) and non-uniform spherical wave
(NUSW) models are discussed. Subsequently, we introduce a general near-field
channel model for SPD antennas and a Green's function-based channel model for
continuous-aperture (CAP) antennas. 2) Beamfocusing and Antenna Architectures:
We highlight the properties of near-field beamfocusing and discuss NFC antenna
architectures for both SPD and CAP antennas. Moreover, the basic principles of
near-field beam training are introduced. 3) Performance Analysis: Finally, we
provide a comprehensive performance analysis framework for NFC. For near-field
line-of-sight channels, the received signal-to-noise ratio and power-scaling
law are derived. For statistical near-field multipath channels, a general
analytical framework is proposed, based on which analytical expression for the
outage probability, ergodic channel capacity, and ergodic mutual information
are derived. Finally, for each aspect, the topics for future research are
discussed.Comment: 45 pages, 35 figures; submitted to possible IEEE journa
Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A Multi-Sector Mode Enabling Highly Directional Full-Space Wireless Coverage
Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has gained much traction due to its
potential to manipulate the propagation environment via nearly-passive
reconfigurable elements. In our previous work, we have analyzed and proposed a
beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) model, which is not limited to traditional
diagonal phase shift matrices, to unify different RIS modes/architectures. In
this paper, we create a new branch of BD-RIS supporting a multi-sector mode. A
multi-sector BD-RIS is modeled as multiple antennas connected to a multi-port
group-connected reconfigurable impedance network. More specifically, antennas
are divided into () sectors and arranged as a polygon prism with
each sector covering space. Different from the recently introduced
concept of intelligent omni-surface (or simultaneously transmitting and
reflecting RIS), the multi-sector BD-RIS not only achieves a full-space
coverage, but also has significant performance gains thanks to the highly
directional beam of each sector.We derive the constraint of the multi-sector
BD-RIS and the corresponding channel model taking into account the relationship
between antenna beamwidth and gain. With the proposed model, we first derive
the scaling law of the received signal power for a multi-sector BD-RIS-assisted
single-user system. We then propose efficient beamforming design algorithms to
maximize the sum-rate of the multi-sector BD-RIS-assisted multiuser system.
Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design and
demonstrate the performance enhancement of the proposed multi-sector BD-RIS.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, submitted to IEEE journa
Multiple Access in Aerial Networks: From Orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal to Rate-Splitting
Recently, interest on the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has
aroused. Specifically, UAVs can be used in cellular networks as aerial users
for delivery, surveillance, rescue search, or as an aerial base station (aBS)
for communication with ground users in remote uncovered areas or in dense
environments requiring prompt high capacity. Aiming to satisfy the high
requirements of wireless aerial networks, several multiple access techniques
have been investigated. In particular, space-division multiple access(SDMA) and
power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) present promising
multiplexing gains for aerial downlink and uplink. Nevertheless, these gains
are limited as they depend on the conditions of the environment. Hence, a
generalized scheme has been recently proposed, called rate-splitting multiple
access (RSMA), which is capable of achieving better spectral efficiency gains
compared to SDMA and NOMA. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of
key multiple access technologies adopted for aerial networks, where aBSs are
deployed to serve ground users. Since there have been only sporadic results
reported on the use of RSMA in aerial systems, we aim to extend the discussion
on this topic by modelling and analyzing the weighted sum-rate performance of a
two-user downlink network served by an RSMA-based aBS. Finally, related open
issues and future research directions are exposed.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, submitted to IEEE Journa
Limited Feedback Techniques in Multiple Antenna Wireless Communication Systems
Multiple antenna systems provide spatial multiplexing and diversity benefits.These systems also offer beamforming and interference mitigation capabilities in single-user (SU) and multi-user (MU) scenarios, respectively. Although diversity can be achieved without channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter using space-time codes, the knowledge of instantaneous CSI at the transmitter is essential to the above mentioned gains. In frequency division duplexing (FDD) systems, limited feedback techniques are employed to obtain CSI at the transmitter from the receiver using a low-rate link. As a consequence, CSI acquired by the transmitter in such manner have errors due to channel estimation and codebook quantization at the receiver, resulting in performance degradation of multi-antenna systems. In this thesis, we examine CSI inaccuracies due to codebook quantization errors and investigate several other aspects of limited feedback in SU, MU and multicell wireless communication systems with various channel models.
For SU multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, we examine the capacity loss using standard codebooks. In particular, we consider single-stream and two-stream MIMO transmissions and derive capacity loss expressions in terms of minimum squared chordal distance for various MIMO receivers. Through simulations, we investigate the impact of codebook quantization errors on the capacity performance in uncorrelated Rayleigh, spatially correlated Rayleigh and standardized MIMO channels. This work motivates the need of effective codebook design to reduce the codebook quantization errors in correlated channels.
Subsequently, we explore the improvements in the design of codebooks in temporally and spatially correlated channels for MU multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems, by employing scaling and rotation techniques. These codebooks quantize instantaneous channel direction information (CDI) and are referred as differential codebooks in the thesis. We also propose various adaptive scaling techniques for differential codebooks where packing density of codewords in the differential codebook are altered according to the channel condition, in order to reduce the quantization errors. The proposed differential codebooks improve the spectral efficiency of the system by minimizing the codebook quantization errors in spatially and temporally correlated channels.
Later, we broaden the scope to massive MISO systems and propose trellis coded quantization (TCQ) schemes to quantize CDI. Unlike conventional codebook approach, the TCQ scheme does not require exhaustive search to select an appropriate codeword, thus reducing computational complexity and memory requirement at the receiver. The proposed TCQ schemes yield significant performance improvements compared to the existing TCQ based limited feedback schemes in both temporally and spatially correlated channels.
Finally, we investigate interference coordination for multicell MU MISO systems using regularized zero-forcing (RZF) precoding. We consider random vector quantization (RVQ) codebooks and uncorrelated Rayleigh channels. We derive expected SINR approximations for perfect CDI and RVQ codebook-based CDI. We also propose an adaptive bit allocation scheme which aims to minimize the network interference and moreover, improves the spectral efficiency compared to equal bit allocation and coordinated zero-forcing (ZF) based adaptive bit allocation schemes
Joint Beamforming and Power Optimization for D2D Underlaying Cellular Networks
This paper studies the optimal joint beamforming and power control strategy for device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying multiuser multiple-input multiple-output cellular networks. We consider multiple antennas at the base station (BS) and a single antenna at each cellular user (CU), D2D transmitter (DT) and D2D receiver (DR). We aim to minimize the total transmission power of the system by jointly designing the transmit beamforming at the BS and the transmit powers for both BS and DTs, while satisfying the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio based quality-of-service constraints for both CUs and DRs. Due to the non-convex nature of the problem, we apply the semidefinite relaxation technique to find the optimal solution, which always satisfies the rank-one constraint. We also investigate three sub-optimal fixed beamforming schemes: zero-forcing (ZF), regularized ZF and hybrid maximum ratio transmission-ZF, where the focus is to minimize the total transmission power while reducing complexity. When perfect channel information is not available, we propose a robust transmit power minimization strategy with ZF beamforming which only requires limited feedback based channel direction information at the BS. Finally, computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes
Multiple access for near-field communications: SDMA or LDMA?
Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is essential to improve the spectrum
efficiency for multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.
The classical SDMA for massive MIMO with hybrid precoding heavily relies on the
angular orthogonality in the far field to distinguish multiple users at
different angles, which fails to fully exploit spatial resources in the
distance domain. With the dramatically increasing number of antennas, the
extremely large-scale antenna array (ELAA) introduces additional resolution in
the distance domain in the near field. In this paper, we propose the concept of
location division multiple access (LDMA) to provide a new possibility to
enhance spectrum efficiency compared with classical SDMA. The key idea is to
exploit extra spatial resources in the distance domain to serve different users
at different locations (determined by angles and distances) in the near field.
Specifically, the asymptotic orthogonality of near-field beam focusing vectors
in the distance domain is proved, which reveals that near-field beam focusing
is able to focus signals on specific locations with limited leakage energy at
other locations. This special property could be leveraged in hybrid precoding
to mitigate inter-user interferences for spectrum efficiency enhancement.
Moreover, we design the spherical-domain codebook for LDMA communications with
uniform planar array to perform sampling in the distance domain. Additionally,
performance analysis of LDMA is provided to reveal the asymptotic optimal
spectrum efficiency with the increasing number of antennas. Finally, simulation
results verify the superiority of the proposed LDMA over SDMA in different
scenarios.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures. The simulation codes will be provided at:
http://oa.ee.tsinghua.edu.cn/dailinglong/publications/publications.html This
work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication. Copyright may
be transferred without notice, after which this version may no longer be
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