13,896 research outputs found

    Information and communication on the designation and management of Natura2000 sites. Main Report 3: Towards Integrated Management

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    Following the selection of Special Protection Areas (SPA) and Sites of Community Importance (SCI) according to the Birds and the Habitats Directives, most European Member States are now in process of formally designating SPAs and SCIs as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) or Natura2000 sites. These protected areas collectively form the European Unionโ€™s Natura2000 network. Member States are also selecting and implementing adequate management approaches and instruments to maintain and restore the favourable conservation status of protected species and habitat types and to prevent damage to the integrity of the sites. Both actions follow Articles 6.1 and 6.2 of the Habitats Directive. To help the Member States, the European Commission wishes to improve the knowledge and exchange of information and good practice both on the designation process of SPAs and SACs and on the establishment of conservation measures and instruments for these areas. Furthermore, the Commission wants to stress the importance of the sites and their management by involving a wider group of stakeholders in the development of so-called integrated management, in accordance with Article 2 of the Habitats Directive. The project โ€˜PREPARATORY ACTIONS- Lot 2: Information and communication on the designation and management of sitesโ€™ (tender ENV.B.2/SER/2007/0076) is intended to help the Commission to achieve these objectives. In this report we will elaborate on the concept of integrated management as an option for managing the sites. In the first part the meaning of integrated management will be explored. In a second part we give some examples of management approaches that we think illustrate best the concept of integrated management and its potential to achieve the Natura2000 goals

    Prioritising investment to enhance biodiversity in an agricultural landscape

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    The removal, alteration and fragmentation of habitat are key threats to the biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Investment to protect biodiversity assets (e.g. restoration of native vegetation) in dominantly agricultural landscapes usually results in a loss of agricultural production. This can be a significant cost that is often overlooked or poorly addressed in analyses to prioritise such investments. Accounting for this trade-off is important for more successful, realistically feasible and cost-effective biodiversity conservation. We developed a spatially explicit bio-economic optimisation model that simulates the effect of conservation effort on the diversity of woodland-dependent birds in the Avoca catchment (330 thousand ha) in North-Central Victoria. The model minimises opportunity cost of agricultural production and cost of biodiversity conservation effort on a catchment level subject to achieving different levels of biodiversity outcome. We identify the locations and spatial arrangement of conservation efforts that offers the best value for money.Environmental Economics and Policy,

    Recreation, tourism and nature in a changing world : proceedings of the fifth international conference on monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas : Wageningen, the Netherlands, May 30-June 3, 2010

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    Proceedings of the fifth international conference on monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas : Wageningen, the Netherlands, May 30-June 3, 201

    Assessment of habitat quality and landscape connectivity for forest-dependent cracids in the Sierra Madre del Sur Mesoamerican biological corridor, Mexico

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    Assessing landscape connectivity allows us to identify critical areas that impede or facilitate the movement of organisms and their genes and to plan their conservation and management. In this article, we assessed landscape connectivity and ecological condition of the habitat patches of a highly biodiverse region in Chiapas, Mexico. We employed data of three cracid species with different characteristics in habitat use and mobility. The habitat map of each species was derived from a spatial intersection of the models of potential distribution and a high-resolution map of current land cover and land use. The ecological condition of vegetation types was evaluated using 75 field plots. Structure of landscape was estimated by fragmentation metrics, while functional connectivity was assessed using spatially explicit graph analysis. The extent of suitable habitat for Oreophasis derbianus, Penelopina nigra, and Penelope purpurascens correspond to 25%, 46%, and 55% of the study area (5,185.6โ€‰km2), respectively. Although the pine-oak forests were the most fragmented vegetation type, habitats of the three species were well connected, and only 4% to 9% of the fragments located on the periphery of the corridor had low connectivity. Landscape connectivity depends mainly on land uses with an intermediate and lower ecological condition (secondary forests and coffee agroforestry systems). Therefore, we suggest that in addition to promoting the improvement in connectivity in fragmented forests, conservation efforts should be aimed at preventing the conversion of mature forests into agricultural uses and maintaining agroforestry systems

    Analysis of the Natura 2000 Networks in Sweden and Spain

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    In this paper the main differences between Natura 2000 Network in Sweden and Spain are analyzed. Comparing different documents at different levels: European, national and regional, the author aims to understand which strategies have been taken in both countries regarding the implementation, management, funding and social reactions of Natura 2000 Network and verify whether in a common Europe the differences in the understanding of environmental common policy are decisive and define the implementation process. The results can clearly show that such differences occur in practically the total issues analyzed. Sweden could be characterized by its orderly and homogeneous implementation process with a close communication between public administration and stakeholders that have influenced all the process. As a result its Natura 2000 Network has marked differences on distribution and size in its Natura sites. Spain, however, shows a heterogeneous and complicated process characterized for both the disinformation due to the lack of communication with the stakeholders and controversial legislative measures which caused social reactions against this network. In contrast it seems that the criteria followed for the sites selection were less influenced by stakeholders. As a conclusion environmental Directives transpositions are being fulfilled with different criteria having as a result significant differences in their final objective

    Crommet Creek Conservation Area Management Plan

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    The Crommet Creek Conservation Area comprises the largest block of natural lands in the immediate Great Bay watershed, and in New Hampshireโ€™s North Atlantic Coast Ecoregion. It includes the entire watershed of two tidal creeks that flow directly into the Great Bay Estuary. The area has been identified by the Great Bay Resource Protection Partnership as a protection priority due to the size of the natural area; the diversity of habitats and wildlife it supports; and itโ€™s integral role in protecting the regional water quality and resources within the Great Bay Estuary. The Conservation Area includes headwater wetlands, and the entire spectrum of freshwater and estuarine wetland and aquatic communities along both Lubberland and Crommet creeks. The Great Bay is a shallow inland tidal estuary of national importance for migratory birds. The Great Bay supports 29 species of waterfowl, 27 species of shorebirds, 13 species of wading birds, osprey and bald eagle. The Estuary is unique in that it is recessed 9 miles from the ocean along the Piscataqua River. Although development is increasing in the watershed, it remains one of the more healthy and viable estuarine ecosystems on the North Atlantic coast

    GIS as integrating tool in sustainability and global change

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    ์„œ๋ถ€ DMZ ์ผ์› ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ณด์ „ ์ „๋žต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ์ด์€์ฃผ.์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ณด์ „์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ œ๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€, ๊ด€์ ์— ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ณด์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ค‘์ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ 1.4%์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 28-58%๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋ถ„๋‹จ์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์ผ์›์€ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋ฉด์ ์˜ 2% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์˜ 30-60%๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ค‘์ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด, ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ถœ์ž…์ด ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์ผ์›์˜ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์••๋ ฅ์€ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€๋„ ๋น„๊ปด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•„, ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ผ์›์€ ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์ธ ์„œ์šธ, ๊ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ๊ถŒ์—ญ ์ค‘์—๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ผ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณ„ํš๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์ผ์›์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์ธ 1919๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2010๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ํ† ์ง€ ํ”ผ๋ณต์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์„ธ์›”์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์ผ์›์˜ ์ˆฒ์€ ์นจ์—ฝ์ˆ˜๋ฆผ์—์„œ ํ™œ์—ฝ์ˆ˜๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋…ผ์€ ์ดˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์ถœ์ž…ํ†ต์ œ์ง€์—ญ์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋…ผ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ, 1990๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์ด์ „์— ๋…ผ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋…ผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ผ์€ ์ดˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ 70๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ณธ์ด ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ›„์† ์ฒœ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์›์ธ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์˜ ์ดˆ์ง€์—๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ, ์ž„์ง„๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ดˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์Šต์ดˆ์›์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜จ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์Šต์ดˆ์›์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํฌ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋„“์€ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์–ด ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ์ดˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํฌ์†Œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ดˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ผ๋Œ€์˜ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ „ํ†ต ๋†์ดŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธํ†ต์ œ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋‚ด ๋†์ดŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์ด ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๋‚ด ์ข…์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์  ์ง€์œ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ถ€ DMZ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ๋†์ดŒ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์€ ๋…ผ์Šต์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ด€, ์ˆฒ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€, ์ธ์‚ผ๋ฐญ, ๋‚˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ด€, ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ ์Šต์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํ†ต ๋†์ดŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข… ํ’๋ถ€๋„์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํ’๋ถ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆฒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์Šต์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ข… ํ’๋ถ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋…ผ ์Šต์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๋†์ดŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ˆฒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๊ถŒ์—ญ์˜ ์ˆฒ์€ ์‹์ƒํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•ด์„๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์ผ๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆฒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์›ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๊ถŒ์—ญ์˜ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํŠน์ง•์€ ํ•œ๊ฐ•-์ž„์ง„๊ฐ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ผ์›์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์„ค์ • ์‹œ์— ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์ผ์›์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊นƒ๋Œ€์ข…์ธ ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2014-2019๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ผ์›์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ ์ฒ ์ƒˆ ์œ„์น˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ข… ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (Maxent) ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Marxan). ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์€ ์Šต์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ €์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒด ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์„ญ์‹์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ(Group 1)๊ณผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์œก์‹์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ(Group 2)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š” Group 1์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  Group 2๋Š” ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ƒํƒœ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์ข…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ข… ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 90% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋‘ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์ข…์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋งŒ์„ ๋ณด์ „ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ 99% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ „ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์ข…์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์‚ฐ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…์œผ๋กœ, ์žฌ๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฏธ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ธ์‹ ์ฆ์ง„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์€ ๋ณด์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ํŒŒ์•… ๋ฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์ข… ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ณ„ํš๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ์ž„์ง„๊ฐ•-ํ•œ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์ถœ์ž…ํ†ต์ œ๊ตฌ์—ญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ๋ณด์ „ ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์‹œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์ผ์›์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ณด์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๊ถŒ์—ญ์€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชฉ๋ณธ์ด ์ด์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ดˆ์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์ ยทํ•™์ˆ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธํ†ต์ œ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ˆฒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธํ†ต์ œ๊ตฌ์—ญ, ํ•œ๊ฐ•-์ž„์ง„๊ฐ• ํ•˜๊ตฌ, ๋ถํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ „๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ํ‰ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”, ๊ธฐํ›„์œ„๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ธ ๋น„๋ฌด์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ „๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), spanning 2 km to the south and 2 km to the north of the military demarcation line at around 38oN, was established by the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953. Access to the DMZ has been strictly restricted for decades, with the South Korean military designating the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a concordant area 5-10 km to the south of the DMZ, as a military buffer zone. The Korean DMZ runs east to west across the Korean Peninsula, encompassing a wide range of topographic features. As such, wildlife in the DMZ has thrived without human intervention, resulting in exceptionally high biodiversity levels. However, the high development pressure in South Korea has influenced the DMZ and the CCZ despite their high conservation value. In particular, the western region of the DMZ, which is close to large metropolitan areas in South and North Korea, has faced very high development pressure. In this study, the ecological importance of the western DMZ was explored by analyzing various spatial and temporal dimensions of its landscape elements. In addition, the scientific basis for the conservation of the DMZ and the CCZ was outlined. To begin with, the land use and land cover change from 1919, before the DMZ was established, to the 2010s, by which time human activity had impacted the landscape, was examined. The study area covered the western DMZ and CCZ. Most trees in DMZ and CCZ forests were originally coniferous, while the plains were employed for rice paddies. After the war, the coniferous forests were replaced with broadleaf forests. The cultivation of rice was restarted on the plains of the CCZ in the early 1990s, while the plains of the DMZ remained as grassland without general succession, such as the invasion of woody species. There have been two main reasons for the lack of succession. First, fires, which act as a disturbance in the successional process, have frequently occurred due to military action in the DMZ, particularly around Yeoncheon. Second, the grassland adjacent to the Imjingang River and small streams has experienced periodic flooding, which has prevented successional species from becoming established. In general, temperate grassland areas have become scarcer worldwide and on the Korean Peninsula because they have been exploited for agricultural use. However, grassland remains an essential habitat for a variety of wildlife in the DMZ, meaning that it is worth monitoring and conserving. The agricultural landscape in the western CCZ consists of undeveloped land and traditional irrigation systems, such as the dumbeong system (the use of irrigation ponds), rather than modern reservoirs and irrigation canals. In this study, the traditional agricultural landscape (TAL) in the CCZ was explored. The agricultural landscape elements were classified, and the distribution of the bird community in response to drought in relation to these elements were analyzed. Using the functional diversity approach, which investigates the functional range and biological characteristics of a community, this study investigated the response of the avian community to landscape composition and drought events. As a result, three major elements representing the TAL in the CCZ were identified: rice paddies, forest, and fields. Under non-drought conditions, the area of the landscape with a large proportion of paddies (TAL1) had the highest species and functional richness. In areas where there was a relatively high ratio of forest (TAL2), the functional diversity index and species richness remained constant regardless of drought occurrence. In other words, forested areas are able to endure the stress of drought and act as a buffer zone for birds. Therefore, forests in TALs may help to maintain biodiversity when the regional environment faces natural disasters such as drought. Though western DMZ forests do not have high value based on standard vegetation evaluation criteria, they were shown in the present study to play an essential role in sustaining avian functional diversity by enhancing ecosystem resilience and resistance. As the signs of climate change indicate, rapid changes in weather conditions accelerate. Therefore, restoring and maintaining forests are necessary in order to support the ecosystem function of the DMZ and conserve species diversity. One of the distinctive geographical features of the western DMZ is the extensive river system that includes the Hangang River and Imjingang River and many smaller streams. The brackish water system of the Hangang River-Imjingang River, which flows into the West Sea, hosts an extraordinary biodiversity of waterbirds, fish, and mammals. This study suggested a conservation plan for the western DMZ ecosystem that adopts systematic conservation planning (SCP), in which an area is evaluated based on cost-effective criteria. This is an effective way to make decisions considering the many interests that are involved in setting up a conservation plan. This study presented a conservation plan focusing on the protection of the white-naped crane (WNC), a flagship species that represents the western DMZ ecosystem. In addition, because umbrella species are an excellent management tool for protected areas, the possibility of WNC acting as an umbrella species was examined. Thus, the extent to which protecting the habitat of the WNC can protect other endangered birds was also analyzed. A species distribution map was modeled based on the GPS tracking of endangered winter migratory birds surveyed over the 2014-2019 period (using Maxent software), and a systematic conservation plan was established based on this information (using Marxan software). The endangered winter migratory birds found in the western DMZ were divided into two groups. Group 1, which includes the WNC, uses wetlands and lowlands, feeding mainly on plants, while Group 2 lives on dryland and has a carnivorous diet. A species distribution model was then calculated for both groups and all endangered species. Under all conservation scenarios, more than 90% of the selected areas were identical to the distribution model for the WNC, meaning that it acted as an umbrella species that can be used to protect many other endangered species by preserving its habitat. The morphological characteristics of the WNC make it easy to identify, thus it is suitable for monitoring as a biological indicator for regional biodiversity management. The protected areas identified using an SCP approach included the Hangang-Imjingang River system, the western DMZ and CCZ, and a part of North Korea. The western DMZ and CCZ have been placed under high developmental pressure and are directly affected by inter-Korean relations, but they have high value as a habitat for wildlife. Reaffirming the ecological importance of the DMZ and the CCZ, this study argued that the conservation plan for the DMZ should not be contingent on inter-Korean relations. Instead, a conservation plan that protects and maintains the current biodiversity levels on the Korean Peninsula is required.Abstract i List of Figures x List of Tables xvi Chapter 1.General introduction 1 1.1 Biodiversity conservation 2 1.2 Conservation planning 4 1.3 The Korean DMZ and CCZ areas 6 1.3.1 Definition of the Korean Demilitarized Zone 6 1.3.2 Biodiversity of the DMZ 8 1.3.3 Focus on the western DMZ and CCZ 9 1.4 Objectives of the study 14 Chapter 2.Changes in Land Use and Vegetation Cover over 100 years in the Western DMZ and CCZ in South Korea 17 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Materials and Methods 19 2.2.1 Study Area 19 2.2.2 Data Collection, Preprocessing, and Analysis 22 2.3 Results 26 2.3.1 Land Use 26 2.3.2 Wildfire and NDVI and NDMI changes 33 2.4 Discussion 35 Chapter 3.Structural implications of traditional agricultural landscapes on the functional diversity of birds near the Korean DMZ 38 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Methods and Materials 41 3.2.1 Bird surveys and TAL units 41 3.2.2 Drought index 44 3.2.3 Taxonomic and Functional diversity 46 3.2.4 Statistical analysis 48 3.3 Results 49 3.3.1 Compositions of TALs and avian diversity 49 3.3.2 Surveyed avian population 56 3.3.3 Drought and diversity indices of TAL 61 3.4 Discussion 68 Chapter 4.Identifying high-priority conservation areas for endangered waterbirds using a flagship species in the Korean DMZ 71 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Materials and Methods 74 4.2.1 Target species 74 4.2.2 Study site 76 4.2.3 Bird surveys 78 4.2.4 Land use classification of the study site 78 4.2.5 Species trait-based clustering 79 4.2.6 Species distribution 81 4.2.7 Systematic conservation planning 82 4.3 Results 84 4.3.1 Threatened Species Characteristics 84 4.3.2 Species Distribution Models 89 4.3.3 Systematic Conservation Planning 91 4.4 Discussion 93 Chapter 5.General conclusion 96 References 102 Appendix 123 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 126Docto

    Potential impacts on important bird habitats in Eiderstedt (Schleswig-Holstein) caused by agricultural land use changes

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    Agricultural land on the Eiderstedt peninsula in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) is traditionally dominated by extensively used grassland. These grassland areas are home to many (endangered) bird species, making Eiderstedt one of the prime bird habitats at the West coast of Schleswig-Holstein. Plans exist to convert large shares of grassland to arable farm land to grow crops needed in an intensified dairy production and for biofuels. In this study, three possible scenarios of agricultural land use change on Eiderstedt in the next couple of decades are developed. Using a GIS the possible impacts of such conversions on breeding bird populations of four key species are determined. The results indicate that an increase of arable farm land to approximately two thirds of the whole agricultural area drastically reduces suitable bird habitat, thus considerably diminishing the number of breeding pairs supported by the environment. The ornithological impact is greatest if conversion takes place throughout Eiderstedt extending from already existing areas of arable farm land. But even though the reduction in suitable breeding habitat is less pronounced in the other scenarios, every one of them induces a severe pressure on populations of meadowbirds that rely on habitat on Eiderstedt for successful reproduction.land use
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