Consanguinity, epidemics and early life survival in colonial Quebec, 1720-1830

La consanguinité, soit l'union productive de conjoints partageant des allèles identiques provenant d'un ancêtre commun, s'est accumulée au fil du temps au Québec ancien. Parallèlement, le Québec a été victime de plusieurs épidémies. Le but de cette étude est d'évaluer la relation entre la mortalité des enfants et la consanguinité dans les périodes épidémiques du Québec ancien entre 1720 et 1830. D'une part, l'hypothèse émise est que les enfants ayant des gènes homologues sur plusieurs loci auraient un taux de mortalité significativement plus élevé comparativement aux enfants non consanguins, en raison du désavantage des homozygotes. D'autre part, les individus consanguins peuvent avoir une survie plus favorable en raison de l'effet d’enracinement, combien de générations une famille est établie dans la colonie, présent dans la mesure de la consanguinité. De plus, l'avantage social d'une famille étroitement liée peut favoriser la survie de l'enfant en accordant plus de soutien social aux parents et de surveillance de l'enfant. Les courbes de survie de Kaplan-Meier sont représentées graphiquement et des modèles de régression de Cox sont exécutés pour explorer et démêler partiellement les rôles des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux. Les immigrants, les naissances multiples et les individus sans généalogie du Registre de la population du Québec ancien (RPQA) et de l'Infrastructure intégrée des microdonnées historiques de la Population du Québec (IMPQ) sont exclus. Au total, 610 412 individus sont analysés dans les modèles de Cox. Les rapports de risque pour les épidémies augmentent avec l'âge et les rapports de risque pour la consanguinité éloignée ressemblent souvent au groupe référence, les non consanguins. De plus, les effets diffèrent selon le sexe et le groupe d'âge. Généralement, si les enfants avec une consanguinité proche, ceux identifiés comme consanguins avec seulement trois générations ascendantes, ne subissent pas de surmortalité dans un groupe d'âge précédent, les modèles de Cox signalent une survie défavorable de ces individus lors des épidémies. Des effets sous-jacents tels que des processus de sélection et des variables de contrôle relatives à l’enracinement peu robustes guident les résultats de l'interaction entre les épidémies et la consanguinité, de sorte que la prémisse reste à valider.Consanguinity, the productive union of spouses sharing identical alleles from a common ancestor, accumulated over time in Colonial Quebec. Concurrently, Quebec was the victim of several epidemics. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between child mortality and consanguinity in epidemic periods of Colonial Quebec between 1720 and 1830. On the one hand, it is hypothesized that children with homologous genes on many loci would have a significantly higher mortality rate compared to non consanguineous children, due to homozygote disadvantage. On the other hand, consanguineous individuals may have a more favourable survival because of the effect of settlement, how many generations a family has been in the colony, present in the measure of consanguinity. Further, the social benefit of a closely bound family may favour child survival by providing more social support to the parents and child supervision. Kaplan-Meier survival curves are graphed, and Cox regression models are run to explore and partially disentangle the roles of genetic and environmental factors. Immigrants, multiple births and individuals lacking a genealogy from the Registre de population du Québec ancien (RPQA) and Infrastructure intégrée des microdonnées historiques de la Population du Québec (IMPQ) are excluded. Altogether, 610,412 individuals are analysed in the Cox models. Hazard ratios for epidemics increase with age and distant consanguinity hazard ratios often resemble the no consanguinity reference group. Further, the effects differ by sex and age group. Generally, if closely consanguineous children, those identified as consanguineous with only three ascending generations, do not undergo excess mortality in a previous age group, the Cox models signal an unfavourable survival of these individuals during epidemics. Underlying effects such as selection processes and unrobust control variables for settlement guide the results of the interaction between epidemics and consanguinity, so the premise, though convincing, remains to be validated

Inverting graphs of rectangular matrices

AbstractThis paper addresses the question of determining the class of rectangular matrices having a given graph as a row or column graph. We also determine equivalent conditions on a given pair of graphs in order for them to be the row and column graphs of some rectangular matrix. In connection with these graph inversion problems we discuss the concept of minimal inverses. This concept turns out to have two different forms in the case of one-graph inversion. For the two-graph case we present a method of determining when an inverse is minimal. Finally we apply the two-graph theorem to a class of energy related matrices

Regional surname affinity: a spatial network approach

OBJECTIVE We investigate surname affinities among areas of modern‐day China, by constructing a spatial network, and making community detection. It reports a geographical genealogy of the Chinese population that is result of population origins, historical migrations, and societal evolutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We acquire data from the census records supplied by China's National Citizen Identity Information System, including the surname and regional information of 1.28 billion registered Chinese citizens. We propose a multilayer minimum spanning tree (MMST) to construct a spatial network based on the matrix of isonymic distances, which is often used to characterize the dissimilarity of surname structure among areas. We use the fast unfolding algorithm to detect network communities. RESULTS We obtain a 10‐layer MMST network of 362 prefecture nodes and 3,610 edges derived from the matrix of the Euclidean distances among these areas. These prefectures are divided into eight groups in the spatial network via community detection. We measure the partition by comparing the inter‐distances and intra‐distances of the communities and obtain meaningful regional ethnicity classification. DISCUSSION The visualization of the resulting communities on the map indicates that the prefectures in the same community are usually geographically adjacent. The formation of this partition is influenced by geographical factors, historic migrations, trade and economic factors, as well as isolation of culture and language. The MMST algorithm proves to be effective in geo‐genealogy and ethnicity classification for it retains essential information about surname affinity and highlights the geographical consanguinity of the population.National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Numbers: 61773069, 71731002; National Social Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 14BSH024; Foundation of China of China Scholarships Council, Grant/Award Numbers: 201606045048, 201706040188, 201706040015; DOE, Grant/Award Number: DE-AC07-05Id14517; DTRA, Grant/Award Number: HDTRA1-14-1-0017; NSF, Grant/Award Numbers: CHE-1213217, CMMI-1125290, PHY-1505000 (61773069 - National Natural Science Foundation of China; 71731002 - National Natural Science Foundation of China; 14BSH024 - National Social Science Foundation of China; 201606045048 - Foundation of China of China Scholarships Council; 201706040188 - Foundation of China of China Scholarships Council; 201706040015 - Foundation of China of China Scholarships Council; DE-AC07-05Id14517 - DOE; HDTRA1-14-1-0017 - DTRA; CHE-1213217 - NSF; CMMI-1125290 - NSF; PHY-1505000 - NSF)Published versio

About Correctness of Graph-Based Social Network Analysis

Social network analysis widely uses graph techniques. Together with correct applications, in some cases, results are obtained from the graphs using paths longer than one, and due to intransitivity of relationships, several metrics and results are not applicable backward to objects in the investigated domain in a meaningful way. The author provides several examples and tries to recover roots of an incorrect application of graphs

MS 089 Guide to Robert K. Blair, MD Papers; 1944-1983

The James V. Neel papers contains incoming and outgoing Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission communication and correspondence, Committee on Atomic Casualties minutes, hematology ABCC 1, hematology ABCC 2, hematology ABCC program 1, Japan lectures, Nagasaki study of Metal Ret. Children, ABCC memoranda and reports, genetics data, atomic calculations, various conference information, genetics and vital statistics, genetics code, studies on consanguinity and heritability, genetics section monthly reports, cousin marriage, congenital and/or hereditary abnormalities in Japanese and Caucasians, quarterly reports submitted from Japan, monthly reports, genetics and research information, calculation sheet on atomic bomb studies, radiation census, midwife training, Kitamura program, consultants correspondence, staff correspondence, photocopy of manuscript, and other prints and photos related to the work and research of Dr. James V. Neel. See more informaon at https://archives.library.tmc.edu/ms-089

Intragenomic conflict over soldier allocation in polyembryonic parasitoid wasps

Understanding the selection pressures that have driven the evolution of sterile insect castes has been the focus of decades of intense scientific debate. An amenable empirical testbed for theory on this topic is provided by the sterile soldier caste of polyembryonic parasitoid wasps. The function of these soldiers has been a source of controversy, with two basic hypotheses emerging: the "brood benefit" hypothesis that they provide an overall benefit for their siblings; and the "sex-ratio-conflict" hypothesis that the soldiers mediate a conflict between brothers and sisters, by killing their opposite-sex siblings. Here, we investigate the divergent sex-ratio optima of a female embryo's maternal-origin and paternal-origin genes, to determine the potential for, and direction of, intragenomic conflict over soldiering. We then derive contrasting empirically-testable predictions, concerning the patterns of genomic imprinting that are expected to arise out of this intragenomic conflict, for the brood-benefit versus sex-ratio-conflict hypotheses of soldier function.PostprintPeer reviewe

Infant mortality in Turkey: Causes and effects in a regional context

This study attempts to identify the causal and/or direct effects of sociocultural determinants of infant mortality in Turkey within a regional context using causal graph analysis and global and local spatial models. The conceptual framework, combined with the data, shows that fertility and consanguinity have direct effects on infant mortality rates, and that female illiteracy, as a proxy for maternal education, is the main cause of rising infant mortality even in the presence of latent confounding. The surface of estimates further shows that the local effects of female illiteracy and consanguinity are non-stationary across space, calling for location-specific policies.WOS:000577774900001Scopus - Affiliation ID: 60105072Social Sciences Citation IndexQ2Article; Early AccessUluslararası işbirliği ile yapılmayan - HAYIREkim2020YÖK - 2020-2

Evolutionary multiplayer games on graphs with edge diversity

Evolutionary game dynamics in structured populations has been extensively explored in past decades. However, most previous studies assume that payoffs of individuals are fully determined by the strategic behaviors of interacting parties and social ties between them only serve as the indicator of the existence of interactions. This assumption neglects important information carried by inter-personal social ties such as genetic similarity, geographic proximity, and social closeness, which may crucially affect the outcome of interactions. To model these situations, we present a framework of evolutionary multiplayer games on graphs with edge diversity, where different types of edges describe diverse social ties. Strategic behaviors together with social ties determine the resulting payoffs of interactants. Under weak selection, we provide a general formula to predict the success of one behavior over the other. We apply this formula to various examples which cannot be dealt with using previous models, including the division of labor and relationship- or edge-dependent games. We find that labor division facilitates collective cooperation by decomposing a many-player game into several games of smaller sizes. The evolutionary process based on relationship-dependent games can be approximated by interactions under a transformed and unified game. Our work stresses the importance of social ties and provides effective methods to reduce the calculating complexity in analyzing the evolution of realistic systems.Comment: 50 pages, 7 figure

Modelling the constraints on consanguineous marriage when fertility declines

BACKGROUND Consanguinity - or marriage between close blood relatives, in particular first cousins - is widely practised and even socially encouraged in many countries. However, in the face of fertility transition where the number of cousins eligible to marry declines, how might such constraints on consanguinity develop in the future? OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have stated that the practice cannot continue at present levels and in its present form in the face of fertility transition. However, the future impact of fertility transition on availability of cousins to marry has not yet been quantified. METHODS We perform a simulation exercise using past and projected net reproduction rates (NRRs) derived from the UN. We calculate the average number of cousins of the opposite sex as a function of the average number of children, the average probability of an individual having at least one eligible paternal cousin of the opposite sex, and conclude with an examination of constraints on consanguineous marriage in selected countries under different fertility assumptions. RESULTS Current and projected fertility levels in Middle Eastern countries will create challenging constraints on the custom once today's birth cohorts reach marriageable age. CONCLUSIONS Either consanguinity prevalence will diminish significantly, or the institution will be forced to adapt by becoming more coercive in the face of reduced choice or at the expense of other social preferences (such as for an older groom wedding a younger bride). Fertility decline affects prospects for social change not only through its well-known consequences for mothers but also through shaping marriage conditions for the next generation