1,458 research outputs found

    Final solution to the problem of relating a true copula to an imprecise copula

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    In this paper we solve in the negative the problem proposed in this journal (I. Montes et al., Sklar's theorem in an imprecise setting, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 278 (2015), 48-66) whether an order interval defined by an imprecise copula contains a copula. Namely, if C\mathcal{C} is a nonempty set of copulas, then C‟=inf⁥{C}C∈C\underline{C} = \inf\{C\}_{C\in\mathcal{C}} and C‟=sup⁥{C}C∈C\overline{C}= \sup\{C\}_{C\in\mathcal{C}} are quasi-copulas and the pair (C‟,C‟)(\underline{C},\overline{C}) is an imprecise copula according to the definition introduced in the cited paper, following the ideas of pp-boxes. We show that there is an imprecise copula (A,B)(A,B) in this sense such that there is no copula CC whatsoever satisfying Aâ©œCâ©œBA \leqslant C\leqslant B. So, it is questionable whether the proposed definition of the imprecise copula is in accordance with the intentions of the initiators. Our methods may be of independent interest: We upgrade the ideas of Dibala et al. (Defects and transformations of quasi-copulas, Kybernetika, 52 (2016), 848-865) where possibly negative volumes of quasi-copulas as defects from being copulas were studied.Comment: 20 pages; added Conclusion, added some clarifications in proofs, added some explanations at the beginning of each section, corrected typos, results remain the sam

    Statistical modelling under epistemic data imprecision : some results on estimating multinomial distributions and logistic regression for coarse categorical data

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    Paper presented at 9th International Symposium on Imprecise Probability: Theories and Applications, Pescara, Italy, 2015. Abstract: The paper deals with parameter estimation for categorical data under epistemic data imprecision, where for a part of the data only coarse(ned) versions of the true values are observable. For different observation models formalizing the information available on the coarsening process, we derive the (typically set-valued) maximum likelihood estimators of the underlying distributions. We discuss the homogeneous case of independent and identically distributed variables as well as logistic regression under a categorical covariate. We start with the imprecise point estimator under an observation model describing the coarsening process without any further assumptions. Then we determine several sensitivity parameters that allow the refinement of the estimators in the presence of auxiliary information

    UNIFYING PRACTICAL UNCERTAINTY REPRESENTATIONS: I. GENERALIZED P-BOXES

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    Pre-print of final version.International audienceThere exist several simple representations of uncertainty that are easier to handle than more general ones. Among them are random sets, possibility distributions, probability intervals, and more recently Ferson's p-boxes and Neumaier's clouds. Both for theoretical and practical considerations, it is very useful to know whether one representation is equivalent to or can be approximated by other ones. In this paper, we define a generalized form of usual p-boxes. These generalized p-boxes have interesting connections with other previously known representations. In particular, we show that they are equivalent to pairs of possibility distributions, and that they are special kinds of random sets. They are also the missing link between p-boxes and clouds, which are the topic of the second part of this study

    Uncertainty modelling in power spectrum estimation of environmental processes

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    For efficient reliability analysis of buildings and structures, robust load models are required in stochastic dynamics, which can be estimated in particular from environmental processes, such as earthquakes or wind loads. To determine the response behaviour of a dynamic system under such loads, the power spectral density (PSD) function is a widely used tool for identifying the frequency components and corresponding amplitudes of environmental processes. Since the real data records required for this purpose are often subject to aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, and the PSD estimation process itself can induce further uncertainties, a rigorous quantification of these is essential, as otherwise a highly inaccurate load model could be generated which may yield in misleading simulation results. A system behaviour that is actually catastrophic can thus be shifted into an acceptable range, classifying the system as safe even though it is exposed to a high risk of damage or collapse. To address these issues, alternative loading models are proposed using probabilistic and non-deterministic models, that are able to efficiently account for these uncertainties and to model the loadings accordingly. Various methods are used in the generation of these load models, which are selected in particular according to the characteristic of the data and the number of available records. In case multiple data records are available, reliable statistical information can be extracted from a set of similar PSD functions that differ, for instance, only slightly in shape and peak frequency. Based on these statistics, a PSD function model is derived utilising subjective probabilities to capture the epistemic uncertainties and represent this information effectively. The spectral densities are characterised as random variables instead of employing discrete values, and thus the PSD function itself represents a non-stationary random process comprising a range of possible valid PSD functions for a given data set. If only a limited amount of data records is available, it is not possible to derive such reliable statistical information. Therefore, an interval-based approach is proposed that determines only an upper and lower bound and does not rely on any distribution within these bounds. A set of discrete-valued PSD functions is transformed into an interval-valued PSD function by optimising the weights of pre-derived basis functions from a Radial Basis Function Network such that they compose an upper and lower bound that encompasses the data set. Therefore, a range of possible values and system responses are identified rather than discrete values, which are able to quantify the epistemic uncertainties. When generating such a load model using real data records, the problem can arise that the individual records exhibit a high spectral variance in the frequency domain and therefore differ too much from each other, although they appear to be similar in the time domain. A load model derived from these data may not cover the entire spectral range and is therefore not representative. The data are therefore grouped according to their similarity using the Bhattacharyya distance and k-means algorithm, which may generate two or more load models from the entire data set. These can be applied separately to the structure under investigation, leading to more accurate simulation results. This approach can also be used to estimate the spectral similarity of individual data sets in the frequency domain, which is particularly relevant for the load models mentioned above. If the uncertainties are modelled directly in the time signal, it can be a challenging task to transform them efficiently into the frequency domain. Such a signal may consist only of reliable bounds in which the actual signal lies. A method is presented that can automatically propagate this interval uncertainty through the discrete Fourier transform, obtaining the exact bounds on the Fourier amplitude and an estimate of the PSD function. The method allows such an interval signal to be propagated without making assumptions about the dependence and distribution of the error over the time steps. These novel representations of load models are able to quantify epistemic uncertainties inherent in real data records and induced due to the PSD estimation process. The strengths and advantages of these approaches in practice are demonstrated by means of several numerical examples concentrated in the field of stochastic dynamics.FĂŒr eine effiziente ZuverlĂ€ssigkeitsanalyse von GebĂ€uden und Strukturen sind robuste Belastungsmodelle in der stochastischen Dynamik erforderlich, die insbesondere aus Umweltprozessen wie Erdbeben oder Windlasten geschĂ€tzt werden können. Um das Antwortverhalten eines dynamischen Systems unter solchen Belastungen zu bestimmen, ist die Funktion der Leistungsspektraldichte (PSD) ein weit verbreitetes Werkzeug zur Identifizierung der Frequenzkomponenten und der entsprechenden Amplituden von Umweltprozessen. Da die zu diesem Zweck benötigten realen DatensĂ€tze hĂ€ufig mit aleatorischen und epistemischen Unsicherheiten behaftet sind und der PSD-SchĂ€tzprozess selbst weitere Unsicherheiten induzieren kann, ist eine strenge Quantifizierung dieser Unsicherheiten unerlĂ€sslich, da andernfalls ein sehr ungenaues Belastungsmodell erzeugt werden könnte, das zu fehlerhaften Simulationsergebnissen fĂŒhren kann. Ein eigentlich katastrophales Systemverhalten kann so in einen akzeptablen Bereich verschoben werden, so dass das System als sicher eingestuft wird, obwohl es einem hohen Risiko der BeschĂ€digung oder des Zusammenbruchs ausgesetzt ist. Um diese Probleme anzugehen, werden alternative Belastungsmodelle vorgeschlagen, die probabilistische und nicht-deterministische Modelle verwenden, welche in der Lage sind, diese Unsicherheiten effizient zu berĂŒcksichtigen und die Belastungen entsprechend zu modellieren. Bei der Erstellung dieser Lastmodelle werden verschiedene Methoden verwendet, die insbesondere nach dem Charakter der Daten und der Anzahl der verfĂŒgbaren DatensĂ€tze ausgewĂ€hlt werden. Wenn mehrere DatensĂ€tze verfĂŒgbar sind, können zuverlĂ€ssige statistische Informationen aus einer Reihe Ă€hnlicher PSD-Funktionen extrahiert werden, die sich z.B. nur geringfĂŒgig in Form und Spitzenfrequenz unterscheiden. Auf der Grundlage dieser Statistiken wird ein Modell der PSD-Funktion abgeleitet, das subjektive Wahrscheinlichkeiten verwendet, um die epistemischen Unsicherheiten zu erfassen und diese Informationen effektiv darzustellen. Die spektralen Leistungsdichten werden als Zufallsvariablen charakterisiert, anstatt diskrete Werte zu verwenden, somit stellt die PSD-Funktion selbst einen nicht-stationĂ€ren Zufallsprozess dar, der einen Bereich möglicher gĂŒltiger PSD-Funktionen fĂŒr einen gegebenen Datensatz umfasst. Wenn nur eine begrenzte Anzahl von DatensĂ€tzen zur VerfĂŒgung steht, ist es nicht möglich, solche zuverlĂ€ssigen statistischen Informationen abzuleiten. Daher wird ein intervallbasierter Ansatz vorgeschlagen, der nur eine obere und untere Grenze bestimmt und sich nicht auf eine Verteilung innerhalb dieser Grenzen stĂŒtzt. Ein Satz von diskret wertigen PSD-Funktionen wird in eine intervallwertige PSD-Funktion umgewandelt, indem die Gewichte von vorab abgeleiteten Basisfunktionen aus einem Radialbasisfunktionsnetz so optimiert werden, dass sie eine obere und untere Grenze bilden, die den Datensatz umfassen. Damit wird ein Bereich möglicher Werte und Systemreaktionen anstelle diskreter Werte ermittelt, welche in der Lage sind, epistemische Unsicherheiten zu erfassen. Bei der Erstellung eines solchen Lastmodells aus realen DatensĂ€tzen kann das Problem auftreten, dass die einzelnen DatensĂ€tze eine hohe spektrale Varianz im Frequenzbereich aufweisen und sich daher zu stark voneinander unterscheiden, obwohl sie im Zeitbereich Ă€hnlich erscheinen. Ein aus diesen Daten abgeleitetes Lastmodell deckt möglicherweise nicht den gesamten Spektralbereich ab und ist daher nicht reprĂ€sentativ. Die Daten werden daher mit Hilfe der Bhattacharyya-Distanz und des k-means-Algorithmus nach ihrer Ähnlichkeit gruppiert, wodurch zwei oder mehr Belastungsmodelle aus dem gesamten Datensatz erzeugt werden können. Diese können separat auf die zu untersuchende Struktur angewandt werden, was zu genaueren Simulationsergebnissen fĂŒhrt. Dieser Ansatz kann auch zur SchĂ€tzung der spektralen Ähnlichkeit einzelner DatensĂ€tze im Frequenzbereich verwendet werden, was fĂŒr die oben genannten Lastmodelle besonders relevant ist. Wenn die Unsicherheiten direkt im Zeitsignal modelliert werden, kann es eine schwierige Aufgabe sein, sie effizient in den Frequenzbereich zu transformieren. Ein solches Signal kann möglicherweise nur aus zuverlĂ€ssigen Grenzen bestehen, in denen das tatsĂ€chliche Signal liegt. Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der diese Intervallunsicherheit automatisch durch die diskrete Fourier Transformation propagiert werden kann, um die exakten Grenzen der Fourier-Amplitude und der SchĂ€tzung der PSD-Funktion zu erhalten. Die Methode ermöglicht es, ein solches Intervallsignal zu propagieren, ohne Annahmen ĂŒber die AbhĂ€ngigkeit und Verteilung des Fehlers ĂŒber die Zeitschritte zu treffen. Diese neuartigen Darstellungen von Lastmodellen sind in der Lage, epistemische Unsicherheiten zu quantifizieren, die in realen DatensĂ€tzen enthalten sind und durch den PSD-SchĂ€tzprozess induziert werden. Die StĂ€rken und Vorteile dieser AnsĂ€tze in der Praxis werden anhand mehrerer numerischer Beispiele aus dem Bereich der stochastischen Dynamik demonstriert

    Statistical modelling under epistemic data imprecision : some results on estimating multinomial distributions and logistic regression for coarse categorical data

    Get PDF
    Paper presented at 9th International Symposium on Imprecise Probability: Theories and Applications, Pescara, Italy, 2015. Abstract: The paper deals with parameter estimation for categorical data under epistemic data imprecision, where for a part of the data only coarse(ned) versions of the true values are observable. For different observation models formalizing the information available on the coarsening process, we derive the (typically set-valued) maximum likelihood estimators of the underlying distributions. We discuss the homogeneous case of independent and identically distributed variables as well as logistic regression under a categorical covariate. We start with the imprecise point estimator under an observation model describing the coarsening process without any further assumptions. Then we determine several sensitivity parameters that allow the refinement of the estimators in the presence of auxiliary information

    Epistemic irrelevance in credal nets: the case of imprecise Markov trees

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    We focus on credal nets, which are graphical models that generalise Bayesian nets to imprecise probability. We replace the notion of strong independence commonly used in credal nets with the weaker notion of epistemic irrelevance, which is arguably more suited for a behavioural theory of probability. Focusing on directed trees, we show how to combine the given local uncertainty models in the nodes of the graph into a global model, and we use this to construct and justify an exact message-passing algorithm that computes updated beliefs for a variable in the tree. The algorithm, which is linear in the number of nodes, is formulated entirely in terms of coherent lower previsions, and is shown to satisfy a number of rationality requirements. We supply examples of the algorithm's operation, and report an application to on-line character recognition that illustrates the advantages of our approach for prediction. We comment on the perspectives, opened by the availability, for the first time, of a truly efficient algorithm based on epistemic irrelevance.Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl
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