Spoznavanje urbanih mesta - prevođenje kroz dijagrame

The continuous theoretical development of the research area of spatial cognition is not accompanied by the practical application of the set postulates. Research challenge is recognised within the development of an appropriate way to translate the conclusions and relations of spatial cognition into a clear graphic system that enables better communication and cooperation of related disciplines. The hypothesis of the paper is that the theoretical conclusions of the analysed concept can be translated into space through visual reinterpretation – graphic processing used as a tool for review and translation. The research is conducted in two parts - the first analyses the historical development of theoretical thought about the relationship of spatial cognition and diagrams in architecture, while the second segment explores contemporary theoretical standpoints through six characteristics of schematic reasoning and validates them through relevant case study. This research aims to examine and define the process of conceptualisation of diagrams in the context of assessing cognitive variables of space. The diagram develops from a simplified graphic indication of space into an active participant in the modification of the urban environment. Research outcome is the definition of four schematisation principles, which describe concise cognitive potentials for illustrating the impact of space on the user.Kontinuirani teorijski razvoj istraživačke oblasti prostorne spoznaje nije praćen praktičnom primenom postulata. Istraživački izazov je prepoznat u razvoju odgovarajućeg načina da se zaključci i odnosi prostorne spoznaje prevedu u jasan grafički sistem koji omogućava bolju komunikaciju i saradnju srodnih disciplina. Hipoteza rada je da se teorijski zaključci analiziranog koncepta mogu prevesti u prostor vizuelnom reinterpretacijom - grafičkom obradom koja se koristi kao alat za pregled i prevođenje. Istraživanje se odvija u dva dela - prvi analizira istorijski razvoj teorijske misli o odnosu prostorne spoznaje i dijagrama u arhitekturi, dok drugi segment istražuje savremena teorijska stanovišta kroz šest karakteristika šematskog rezonovanja i validira ih kroz relevantnu studiju slučaja. Ovo istraživanje ima za cilj da ispita i definiše proces konceptualizacije dijagrama u kontekstu procene kognitivnih varijabli prostora. Dijagram se od pojednostavljene grafičke indikacije prostora razvija u aktivnog učesnika u modifikaciji urbane sredine. Ishod istraživanja je definisanje četiri principa šematizacije, koji opisuju sažete kognitivne potencijale za ilustraciju uticaja prostora na korisnika

Outline tracing from sketches.

草圖繪製是創意產業最早期的一個工序。研究發現，草圖不但表達了畫家的想法，在繪製的過程，草圖也能為畫家帶來新靈感，所以草圖繪製是不可缺少的工序。然而，原始的草圖包含許多不必要的筆觸，所以進行後期製作前，必須用線重新勾畫。傳統上，這個過程是費時和繁瑣的，畫家必須人手把每一條需要的線都重新勾畫出來。當應用到動畫創作的時候，由於涉及的草圖數量龐大，情況會變得更壊，所以有必要把整個過程自動化。現有的研究都視草圖勾勒為一個線條分組和曲線擬合的過程，他們會把相近而順暢的筆觸組合在一起，形成單一線條。然而，他們都忽略了視覺感知上的一個重要法則──格式塔理論中的閉合原理。格式塔理論是一個知名的心理學理論，解釋人類如何透過整合理解各種視覺元素。根據格式塔理論中的閉合原理，我們往往把各種分隔的視覺元素整合為一個封閉的形狀。在這篇論文中，我提出閉合原理比格式塔理論中的其他原理更能幫助我們理解草圖，從而提出了一種基於區域的方法來勾勒草圖。實驗結果發現，我的方法在保有草圖上封閉形狀的能力上比現有的方法更優勝。Sketching is the earliest stage of production in art and design. Sketches are useful in conveying and developing ideas. However, raw sketches contain unnecessary strokes and must be converted to neat and tidy drawings before moving onto later stage of production. Traditionally, this conversion process is time-consuming and tedious since it is performed stroke by stroke manually. The situation is even worse when it comes to animation production which involves a huge number of sketches, so there is a strong motivation to automate the conversion process. Existing works formulate the conversion process as stroke grouping and curve fitting processes, in which close and continuous strokes are grouped together to form single strokes in the resulting image. Nevertheless, previous works overlooked an important law of visual perception: the law of closure in Gestalt principles. Gestalt principles concluded from early visual perception studies demonstrate how human perceive visual elements as different groups of lines and shapes. It states that we tend to group elements into closed shape even when a gap exists. In this thesis, we utilize the idea of law of closure and propose a region-based approach to refine sketches. Experiment result shows that this method outperforms the existing methods in terms of the capability of preserving salient regions in sketches.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Wong, Ka Wing.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61).Abstracts also in Chinese.Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.6Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.8Chapter 2.1 --- Role of Sketch in Art and Design --- p.8Chapter 2.2 --- Characteristics of Raw Sketches --- p.10Chapter 2.3 --- Related Works --- p.11Chapter 2.3.1 --- Methods for Raster Image --- p.12Chapter 2.3.2 --- Methods for Vector Image --- p.14Chapter 2.3.3 --- Deficiency --- p.17Chapter 3 --- Gestalt Principles and Its Application --- p.18Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction to Gestalt Principles --- p.18Chapter 3.2 --- Existing Computational Model of Gestalt Principles --- p.20Chapter 3.3 --- Gestalt Principles for Outline Tracing --- p.22Chapter 3.3.1 --- Similarity --- p.23Chapter 3.3.2 --- Proximity --- p.23Chapter 3.3.3 --- Continuity --- p.24Chapter 3.3.4 --- Regularity --- p.25Chapter 3.3.5 --- Closure --- p.25Chapter 4 --- Proposed Method --- p.27Chapter 4.1 --- Multi-scale Region Retrieval --- p.28Chapter 4.1.1 --- Construction of Region Hierarchy --- p.29Chapter 4.1.2 --- Region Refinement --- p.31Chapter 4.2 --- Salient Region Retrieval --- p.32Chapter 4.2.1 --- Flattening of Region Hierarchy --- p.32Chapter 4.2.2 --- Region Merging --- p.33Chapter 4.2.3 --- Region Pruning --- p.37Chapter 4.2.4 --- Region Merging by User --- p.41Chapter 4.3 --- Outline Synthesis --- p.43Chapter 4.3.1 --- Outline Synthesis of Region-boundary Strokes --- p.44Chapter 4.3.2 --- Smoothing of Region-boundary Strokes --- p.45Chapter 4.3.3 --- Outline Synthesis of Feature Strokes --- p.48Chapter 4.4 --- Curve Fitting --- p.50Chapter 5 --- Result and Discussion --- p.52Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.58Chapter 7 --- Reference --- p.5

Towards automatic reconstruction of indoor scenes from incomplete point clouds: door and window detection and regularization

In the last years, point clouds have become the main source of information for building modelling. Although a considerable amount of methodologies addressing the automated generation of 3D models from point clouds have been developed, indoor modelling is still a challenging task due to complex building layouts and the high presence of severe clutters and occlusions. Most of methodologies are highly dependent on data quality, often producing irregular and non-consistent models. Although manmade environments generally exhibit some regularities, they are not commonly considered. This paper presents an optimization-based approach for detecting regularities (i.e., same shape, same alignment and same spacing) in building indoor features. The methodology starts from the detection of openings based on a voxel-based visibility analysis to distinguish ‘occluded’ from ‘empty’ regions in wall surfaces. The extraction of regular patterns in windows is addressed from studying the point cloud from an outdoor perspective. The layout is regularized by minimizing deformations while respecting the detected constraints. The methodology applies for elements placed in the same planeXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B 2016/079-

TOWARDS AUTOMATIC RECONSTRUCTION OF INDOOR SCENES FROM INCOMPLETE POINT CLOUDS: DOOR AND WINDOW DETECTION AND REGULARIZATION

In the last years, point clouds have become the main source of information for building modelling. Although a considerable amount of methodologies addressing the automated generation of 3D models from point clouds have been developed, indoor modelling is still a challenging task due to complex building layouts and the high presence of severe clutters and occlusions. Most of methodologies are highly dependent on data quality, often producing irregular and non-consistent models. Although manmade environments generally exhibit some regularities, they are not commonly considered. This paper presents an optimization-based approach for detecting regularities (i.e., same shape, same alignment and same spacing) in building indoor features. The methodology starts from the detection of openings based on a voxel-based visibility analysis to distinguish ‘occluded’ from ‘empty’ regions in wall surfaces. The extraction of regular patterns in windows is addressed from studying the point cloud from an outdoor perspective. The layout is regularized by minimizing deformations while respecting the detected constraints. The methodology applies for elements placed in the same plane

PATEX: Exploring Pattern Variations

Patterns play a central role in 2D graphic design. A critical step in the design of patterns is evaluating multiple design alternatives. Exploring these alternatives with existing tools is challenging because most tools force users to work with a single fixed representation of the pattern that encodes a specific set of geometric relationships between pattern elements. However, for most patterns, there are many different interpretations of its regularity that correspond to different design variations. The exponential nature of this variation space makes the problem of finding all variations intractable. We present a method called PATEX to characterize and efficiently identify distinct and valid pattern variations, allowing users to directly navigate the variation space. Technically, we propose a novel linear approximation to handle the complexity of the problem and efficiently enumerate suitable pattern variations under proposed element movements. We also present two pattern editing interfaces that expose the detected pattern variations as suggested edits to the user. We show a diverse collection of pattern edits and variations created with PATEX. The results from our user study indicate that our suggested variations can be useful and inspirational for typical pattern editing tasks

Artistic rendering enhancing global structure

Non-photorealistic rendering techniques usu- ally produce abstracted images. Most existing methods consider local rendering primitives, and global struc- tures may be easily obscured. Inspired by artists, we propose a novel image abstraction method that con- siders preserving or even enhancing global structures in the input images. Linear structures are particularly considered due to their wide existence and the avail- ability of techniques for their reliable detection. Based on various computer vision techniques, the algorithm is fully automatic. As demonstrated in the paper, artistic looking results are obtained for various types of images. The technique is orthogonal to many non-photorealistic rendering techniques and can be combined with them