Application of Threshold Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (TGARCH) Model in Forecasting the LQ45 Stock Price Return

Economics is one of the most important fields for a country. One of the activities that illustrate the importance of the economy in a country is an investment. Investment activities, especially stock investment, are included in the capital market activities that various age groups currently carry out. Stocks are generally known to have high-risk, high-return characteristics. Therefore we need a way to minimize losses in investing. This study uses time series analysis theory to analyze LQ45 stock data.The data used is the closing price of PT. Bank Central Asia, Tbk. obtained from finance.Yahoo.com. The results of this study indicate that the return of daily closing price data of PT. Bank Central Asia, Tbk. during the period 2017-2021, there are heteroscedasticity and asymmetric shocks, so variations of the ARCH/GARCH model are needed to obtain accurate forecasting results. One suitable model is Threshold GARCH (TGARCH). The results of this study indicate that the suitable forecasting model for the data is the MA(3)-TGARCH(1,1) model. The model produces forecasts with an accuracy rate based on MAPE of 0.895% for the next seven day

Analyzing loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity in a freight transport stated choice experiment

Choice behaviour might be determined by asymmetric preferences whether the consumers are faced with gains or losses. This paper investigates loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity, and analyzes their implications on willingness to pay and willingness to accept measures in a reference pivoted choice experiment in a freight transport framework. The results suggest a significant model fit improvement when preferences are treated as asymmetric, proving both loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity. The implications on willingness to pay and willingness to accept indicators are particular relevant showing a remarkable difference between symmetric and asymmetric model specifications. Not accounting for loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity, when present, produces misleading results and might affect significantly the policy decisions.freight transport, choice experiments, willingness to pay, preference asymmetry

Introducing contemporaneous open-outcry and e-trading at the Chicago Board of Trade

This study uses a vector error correction (VEC) model to examine price-volume relationships between open outcry and e-trading at the Chicago Board of Trade. We test whether equilibrium price corrections on one system are independent of the other, and whether this price behavior is more sensitive to changes in screen-based volume as opposed to open outcry volume. Error correction terms capture an asymmetric price adjustment process led by open outcry trading. Open outcry volume (market depth) also results in price discovery by dampening price volatility on both markets. These aspects of market microstructure are relevant in identifying how newly introduced e-trading systems operate in relation to established open outcry systems,and how e-trading systems may affect the economic performance of futures exchanges generally.market liquidity; e-trading; vector error correction model

The Determinants of House Prices and Construction: An Empirical Investigation of the Swiss Housing Economy

This paper studies the Swiss housing price determinants. The Swiss housing economy is reproduced by employing a macro-series from the last seventeen years and constructing a vector-autoregressive model. Conditional on a comparatively broad set of fundamental determinants considered, i.e. wealth, banking, demographic and real estate specific variables, the following findings are made: 1) real house price growth and construction activity dynamics are most sensitive to changes in population and construction prices, whereas real GDP, in contrary to common empirical findings in other countries, turns out to have only a minor impact in the short-term, 2) exogenous house price shocks have no long-term impacts on housing supply and vice versa, and 3) despite the recent substantial price increases, worries of overvaluation are unfounded. Furthermore, based on a self-constructed quality index, evidence is provided for a positive impact of quality improvements in supplied dwellings on house prices.Housing Demand; Housing Supply and Markets

Revisiting the determinants of sovereign bond yield volatility

Although there is an extensive literature regarding volatility in the financial markets, to our knowledge, few empirical studies specifically focus on the drivers of volatility of sovereign bond yields. This empirical paper aims to fill part of this gap and to provide more up to date empirical insights. We add to previous work by examining the issue simultaneously in a broad number of advanced economies. Our analysis shows that sovereign bond unconditional volatility exhibits mean-reversion and persistence. Bond yield volatility responds to proximate market movements and global risk. However, that response is found to be uneven across geographies, asymmetric in some cases and possibly time-varying. Macro and policy uncertainty impact depends on the specific uncertainty measures used and rarely is very meaningful.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Rationalizing size, value, and momentum effects with an asymmetric CAPM

This work shows that an Asymmetric Capital Asset Pricing Model (A-CAPM) that is based on recent decision theory models can rationalize size, value, and momentum anomalies. The A-CAPM is derived by approximating the utility function of the representative agent with asymmetric polynomial models that allow for different attitudes toward risk in the domains of gains and losses. Results show that the A-CAPM rationalizes the cross-section of stock returns, significantly improving with respect to several existing asset pricing models. Furthermore, size, value, and momentum factors do not load when they are tested on the A-CAPM because the model already captures the sources of risk that drive these anomalies: (i) preference for security/potential, (ii) loss aversion, and (iii) goal achievement

Permanent Income, Liquidity, and Expenditure on Automobiles: Evidence from Panel Data

Several recent papers have tested the permanent income-cum- rational expectations hypothesis using data on nondurable or semi-durable consumption. We show how this approach can be extended to the case of durables. An application to panel data on automobile expenditures reveals no evidence against the permanent income hypothesis. This result is unchanged in subsamples segregated by family holdings of liquid assets.

Analyzing loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity in a freight transport stated choice experiment

Choice behaviour might be determined by asymmetric preferences whether the consumers are faced with gains or losses. This paper investigates loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity, and analyzes their implications on willingness to pay and willingness to accept measures in a reference pivoted choice experiment in a freight transport framework. The results suggest a significant model fit improvement when preferences are treated as asymmetric, proving both loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity. The implications on willingness to pay and willingness to accept indicators are particular relevant showing a remarkable difference between symmetric and asymmetric model specifications. Not accounting for loss aversion and diminishing sensitivity, when present, produces misleading results and might affect significantly the policy decisions

Impact of the crises on the efficiency of the financial market: evidence from the SDM

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyThe efficient market hypothesis has been around since 1962, the theory based on a simple rule that states the price of any asset must fully reflect all available information. Yet there is empirical evidence suggesting that markets are too volatile to be efficient. In essence, this evidence seems to suggest that the reaction of the market participants to the information or events that is the crucial factor, rather than the actual information. This highlights the need to include the behavioural finance theory in the pricing of assets. Essentially, the research aims to analyse the efficiency of six key sovereign debt markets during a period of changing volatility including the recent global financial and sovereign debt crises. We analyse the markets in the pre-crisis period and during the financial and sovereign debt crises to determine the impact of the crises on the efficiency of these financial markets. We use two GARCH-based variance bound tests to test the null hypothesis of the market being too volatile to be efficient. Proposing a GJR-GARCH variant of the variance bound test to account for variation in the asymmetrical effect. This leads to an analysis of the changing behaviour of price volatility to identify what makes the market efficient or inefficient. In general, our EMH tests resulted in mixed results, hinting at the acceptance of the null hypothesis of the market being too volatile to be efficient. However, interestingly a number of 2017 observations under both models seem to be hinting at the rejection of the null hypothesis. Furthermore, our proposed GJR-GARCH variant of the variance bound test seems to be more likely to accept the EMH than the GARCH variant of the test. Key words: Efficient Market Hypothesis, Behavioural Finance Theory, Volatility Tests, GJR, GARCH, EGARCH-M, SWARCH, Sovereign Debt Market, Cris

Estimating Dependences and Risk between Gold Prices and S&P500: New Evidences from ARCH,GARCH, Copula and ES-VaR models

This thesis examines the correlations and linkages between the stock and commodity in order to quantify the risk present for investors in financial market (stock and commodity) using the Value at Risk measure. The risk assessed in this thesis is losses on investments in stock (S&P500) and commodity (gold prices). The structure of this thesis is based on three empirical chapters. We emphasise the focus by acknowledging the risk factor which is the non-stop fluctuation in the prices of commodity and stock prices. The thesis starts by measuring volatility, then dependence which is the correlation and lastly measure the expected shortfalls and Value at risk (VaR). The research focuses on mitigating the risk using VaR measures and assessing the use of the volatility measures such as ARCH and GARCH and basic VaR calculations, we also measured the correlation using the Copula method. Since, the measures of volatility methods have limitations that they can measure single security at a time, the second empirical chapter measures the interdependence of stock and commodity (S&P500 and Gold Price Index) by investigating the risk transmission involved in investing in any of them and whether the ups and downs in the prices of one effect the prices of the other using the Time Varying copula method. Lastly, the third empirical chapter which is the last chapter, investigates the expected shortfalls and Value at Risk (VaR) between the S&P500 and Gold prices Index using the ES-VaR method proposed by Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018). Volatility is considered to be the most popular and traditional measure of risk. For which we have used ARCH and GARCH model in our first empirical chapter. However, the problem with volatility is that it does not take into account the direction of an investments’ movement: volatility of stocks is that they suddenly jump higher and investors are not distressed with gains. When we talk about investors for them the risk is about the odds of losing money, after my research and findings VaR is based on the common-sense fact. Hence, investors care about the odds of big losses, VaR answers the question, what is my worst-case scenario? Or simply how much I could lose in a really bad month? The results of the thesis demonstrated that measuring volatility (ARCH GARCH) alone was not sufficient in measuring the risk involved in an investment therefore methodologies such as correlation and VAR demonstrates better results. In terms of measuring the interdependence, the Time Varying Copula is used since the dynamic structure of the de- pendence between the data can be modelled by allowing either the copula function or the dependence parameter to be time varying. Lastly, hybrid model further demonstrates the average return on a risky asset for which Expected Shortfall (ES) along with some quantile dependence and VaR (Value at risk) is utilised. Basel III Accord which is applied in coming years till 2019 focuses more on ES unlike VaR, hence there is little existing work on modelling ES. The thesis focused on the results from the model of Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018) which is based on the statistical decision theory. Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018), overcame the problem of elicitability for ES by using ES and VaR jointly and propose the new dynamic model of risk measure. This research adds to the contribution of knowledge that measuring risk by using volatility is not enough for measuring risk, interdependence helps in measuring the dependency of one variable over the other and estimations and inference methods proposed by Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018) using simulations proposed in ES-VaR model further concludes that ARCH and GARCH or other rolling window models are not enough for determining the risk forecasts. The results suggest, in first empirical chapter we see volatility between Gold prices and S&P500. The second empirical chapter results suggest conditional dependence of the two indexes is strongly time varying. The correlation between the stock is high before 2008. The results further displayed slight stronger bivariate upper tail, which signifies that the conditional dependence of the indexes is influence by positive shocks. The last empirical chapter findings proposed that measuring forecasts using ES-Var model proposed by Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018) does outer perform forecasts based on univariate GARCH model. Investors want to 10 protect themselves from high losses and ES-VaR model discussed in last chapter would certainly help them to manage their funds properly