133,229 research outputs found
Parametric Modelling of Multivariate Count Data Using Probabilistic Graphical Models
Multivariate count data are defined as the number of items of different
categories issued from sampling within a population, which individuals are
grouped into categories. The analysis of multivariate count data is a recurrent
and crucial issue in numerous modelling problems, particularly in the fields of
biology and ecology (where the data can represent, for example, children counts
associated with multitype branching processes), sociology and econometrics. We
focus on I) Identifying categories that appear simultaneously, or on the
contrary that are mutually exclusive. This is achieved by identifying
conditional independence relationships between the variables; II)Building
parsimonious parametric models consistent with these relationships; III)
Characterising and testing the effects of covariates on the joint distribution
of the counts. To achieve these goals, we propose an approach based on
graphical probabilistic models, and more specifically partially directed
acyclic graphs
A Markov Basis for Conditional Test of Common Diagonal Effect in Quasi-Independence Model for Square Contingency Tables
In two-way contingency tables we sometimes find that frequencies along the
diagonal cells are relatively larger(or smaller) compared to off-diagonal
cells, particularly in square tables with the common categories for the rows
and the columns. In this case the quasi-independence model with an additional
parameter for each of the diagonal cells is usually fitted to the data. A
simpler model than the quasi-independence model is to assume a common
additional parameter for all the diagonal cells. We consider testing the
goodness of fit of the common diagonal effect by Markov chain Monte Carlo
(MCMC) method. We derive an explicit form of a Markov basis for performing the
conditional test of the common diagonal effect. Once a Markov basis is given,
MCMC procedure can be easily implemented by techniques of algebraic statistics.
We illustrate the procedure with some real data sets.Comment: 15 page
Picturing classical and quantum Bayesian inference
We introduce a graphical framework for Bayesian inference that is
sufficiently general to accommodate not just the standard case but also recent
proposals for a theory of quantum Bayesian inference wherein one considers
density operators rather than probability distributions as representative of
degrees of belief. The diagrammatic framework is stated in the graphical
language of symmetric monoidal categories and of compact structures and
Frobenius structures therein, in which Bayesian inversion boils down to
transposition with respect to an appropriate compact structure. We characterize
classical Bayesian inference in terms of a graphical property and demonstrate
that our approach eliminates some purely conventional elements that appear in
common representations thereof, such as whether degrees of belief are
represented by probabilities or entropic quantities. We also introduce a
quantum-like calculus wherein the Frobenius structure is noncommutative and
show that it can accommodate Leifer's calculus of `conditional density
operators'. The notion of conditional independence is also generalized to our
graphical setting and we make some preliminary connections to the theory of
Bayesian networks. Finally, we demonstrate how to construct a graphical
Bayesian calculus within any dagger compact category.Comment: 38 pages, lots of picture
Disintegration and Bayesian Inversion via String Diagrams
The notions of disintegration and Bayesian inversion are fundamental in
conditional probability theory. They produce channels, as conditional
probabilities, from a joint state, or from an already given channel (in
opposite direction). These notions exist in the literature, in concrete
situations, but are presented here in abstract graphical formulations. The
resulting abstract descriptions are used for proving basic results in
conditional probability theory. The existence of disintegration and Bayesian
inversion is discussed for discrete probability, and also for measure-theoretic
probability --- via standard Borel spaces and via likelihoods. Finally, the
usefulness of disintegration and Bayesian inversion is illustrated in several
examples.Comment: Accepted for publication in Mathematical Structures in Computer
Scienc
Food price policies and the distribution of body mass index: Theory and empirical evidence from France
This paper uses French food-expenditure data to examine the effect of the local prices of 23 food product categories on the distribution of Body Mass Index (BMI) in a sample of French adults. A dynamic choice model using standard assumptions in Physiology is developed. It is shown that the slope of the price-BMI relationship is affected by the individual's Physical Activity Level (PAL). When the latter is unobserved, identi cation of price effects at conditional quantiles of the BMI distribution requires quantile independence between PAL and the covariates, especially income. Using quantile regressions, unconditional BMI distributions can then be simulated for various price policies. In the preferred scenario, increasing the price of soft drinks, breaded proteins, deserts and pastries, snacks and ready-meals by 10%, and reducing the price of fruit and vegetables in brine by 10% would decrease the prevalence of overweight and obesity by 24% and 33% respectively. The fall in health care expenditures would represente up to 1.39% of total health care spendings in 2004.obesity ; overweight ; quantile regression ; food prices ; physical activity
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