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MODELING CHAIN PACKING IN COMPLEX PHASES OF SELF-ASSEMBLED BLOCK COPOLYMERS
Block copolymer (BCP) melts undergo microphase seperation and form ordered soft matter crystals with varying domain shapes and symmetries. We study the con- nection between diblock copolymer molecular designs and thermodynamic selection of ordered crystals by modeling features of variable sub-domain geometry filled with individual blocks within non-canonical sphere-like and network phases that together with layered, cylindrical and canonical spherical phases forms “natural forms” of self- assembled amphiphilic soft matter at large. First, we present a model to revise our understanding of optimal Frank-Kasper sphere-like morphologies by advancing the- ory to account for varying domain volumes. We then develop generic approaches to quantify local changes to domain thickness or packing frustration using medial sets and show its application to morphologies with arbitrary domain topologies and sym- metries in both theoretical models and experimental data. We further use medial sets as a proxy for terminal boundaries of blocks within different domains and revise thermodynamic models of BCP assembly in the strong segregation limit. Finally, we use this revised model to study effect of elastic stiffness asymmetry on relaxing packing frustration experienced by BCPs in tubular and matrix domains leading to equilibrium double gyroid network morphology in diblock copolymers
Stable Frank-Kasper phases of self-assembled, soft matter spheres
Single molecular species can self-assemble into Frank Kasper (FK) phases,
finite approximants of dodecagonal quasicrystals, defying intuitive notions
that thermodynamic ground states are maximally symmetric. FK phases are
speculated to emerge as the minimal-distortional packings of space-filling
spherical domains, but a precise quantitation of this distortion and how it
affects assembly thermodynamics remains ambiguous. We use two complementary
approaches to demonstrate that the principles driving FK lattice formation in
diblock copolymers emerge directly from the strong-stretching theory of
spherical domains, in which minimal inter-block area competes with minimal
stretching of space-filling chains. The relative stability of FK lattices is
studied first using a diblock foam model with unconstrained particle volumes
and shapes, which correctly predicts not only the equilibrium {\sigma} lattice,
but also the unequal volumes of the equilibrium domains. We then provide a
molecular interpretation for these results via self-consistent field theory,
illuminating how molecular stiffness regulates the coupling between
intra-domain chain configurations and the asymmetry of local packing. These
findings shed new light on the role of volume exchange on the formation of
distinct FK phases in copolymers, and suggest a paradigm for formation of FK
phases in soft matter systems in which unequal domain volumes are selected by
the thermodynamic competition between distinct measures of shape asymmetry.Comment: 40 pages, 22 figure
Multi-Dimensional, Compressible Viscous Flow on a Moving Voronoi Mesh
Numerous formulations of finite volume schemes for the Euler and
Navier-Stokes equations exist, but in the majority of cases they have been
developed for structured and stationary meshes. In many applications, more
flexible mesh geometries that can dynamically adjust to the problem at hand and
move with the flow in a (quasi) Lagrangian fashion would, however, be highly
desirable, as this can allow a significant reduction of advection errors and an
accurate realization of curved and moving boundary conditions. Here we describe
a novel formulation of viscous continuum hydrodynamics that solves the
equations of motion on a Voronoi mesh created by a set of mesh-generating
points. The points can move in an arbitrary manner, but the most natural motion
is that given by the fluid velocity itself, such that the mesh dynamically
adjusts to the flow. Owing to the mathematical properties of the Voronoi
tessellation, pathological mesh-twisting effects are avoided. Our
implementation considers the full Navier-Stokes equations and has been realized
in the AREPO code both in 2D and 3D. We propose a new approach to compute
accurate viscous fluxes for a dynamic Voronoi mesh, and use this to formulate a
finite volume solver of the Navier-Stokes equations. Through a number of test
problems, including circular Couette flow and flow past a cylindrical obstacle,
we show that our new scheme combines good accuracy with geometric flexibility,
and hence promises to be competitive with other highly refined Eulerian
methods. This will in particular allow astrophysical applications of the AREPO
code where physical viscosity is important, such as in the hot plasma in galaxy
clusters, or for viscous accretion disk models.Comment: 26 pages, 21 figures. Submitted to MNRA
Molecular dynamics simulation: a tool for exploration and discovery using simple models
Emergent phenomena share the fascinating property of not being obvious
consequences of the design of the system in which they appear. This
characteristic is no less relevant when attempting to simulate such phenomena,
given that the outcome is not always a foregone conclusion. The present survey
focuses on several simple model systems that exhibit surprisingly rich emergent
behavior, all studied by MD simulation. The examples are taken from the
disparate fields of fluid dynamics, granular matter and supramolecular
self-assembly. In studies of fluids modeled at the detailed microscopic level
using discrete particles, the simulations demonstrate that complex hydrodynamic
phenomena in rotating and convecting fluids, the Taylor-Couette and
Rayleigh-B\'enard instabilities, can not only be observed within the limited
length and time scales accessible to MD, but even quantitative agreement can be
achieved. Simulation of highly counterintuitive segregation phenomena in
granular mixtures, again using MD methods, but now augmented by forces
producing damping and friction, leads to results that resemble experimentally
observed axial and radial segregation in the case of a rotating cylinder, and
to a novel form of horizontal segregation in a vertically vibrated layer.
Finally, when modeling self-assembly processes analogous to the formation of
the polyhedral shells that package spherical viruses, simulation of suitably
shaped particles reveals the ability to produce complete, error-free assembly,
and leads to the important general observation that reversible growth steps
contribute to the high yield. While there are limitations to the MD approach,
both computational and conceptual, the results offer a tantalizing hint of the
kinds of phenomena that can be explored, and what might be discovered when
sufficient resources are brought to bear on a problem.Comment: 21 pages, 20 figures (v2 - minor text addition
Self Assembly Problems of Anisotropic Particles in Soft Matter.
Anisotropic building blocks assembled from colloidal particles are attractive building blocks for self-assembled materials because their complex interactions can be exploited to drive self-assembly. In this dissertation we address the self-assembly of anisotropic particles from multiple novel computational and mathematical angles.
First, we accelerate algorithms for modeling systems of anisotropic particles via massively parallel GPUs. We provide a scheme for generating statistically robust pseudo-random numbers that enables GPU acceleration of Brownian and dissipative particle dynamics. We also show how rigid body integration can be accelerated on a GPU. Integrating these two algorithms into a GPU-accelerated molecular dynamics code (HOOMD-blue), make a single GPU the ideal computing environment for modeling the self-assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles.
Second, we introduce a new mathematical optimization problem, filling, a hybrid of the familiar shape packing and covering problem, which can be used to model
shaped particles. We study the rich mathematical structures of the solution space and provide computational methods for finding optimal solutions for polygons and convex polyhedra. We present a sequence of isosymmetric optimal filling solutions for the Platonic solids. We then consider the filling of a hyper-cone in dimensions two to eight and show the solution remains scale-invariant but dependent on dimension.
Third, we study the impact of size variation, polydispersity, on the self-assembly of an anisotropic particle, the polymer-tethered nanosphere, into ordered phases. We show that the local nanoparticle packing motif, icosahedral or crystalline, determines the impact of polydispersity on energy of the system and phase transitions. We show how extensions of the Voronoi tessellation can be calculated and applied to characterize such micro-segregated phases. By applying a Voronoi tessellation, we show that properties of the individual domains can be studied as a function of system properties such as temperature and concentration.
Last, we consider the thermodynamically driven self-assembly of terminal clusters of particles. We predict that clusters related to spherical codes, a mathematical sequence of points, can be synthesized via self-assembly. These anisotropic clusters can be tuned to different anisotropies via the ratio of sphere diameters and temperature. The method suggests a rich new way for assembling anisotropic building blocks.Ph.D.Applied Physics and Scientific ComputingUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91576/1/phillicl_1.pd
Efficient contact determination between geometric models
http://archive.org/details/efficientcontact00linmN
Analysis of Granular Flow in a Pebble-Bed Nuclear Reactor
Pebble-bed nuclear reactor technology, which is currently being revived
around the world, raises fundamental questions about dense granular flow in
silos. A typical reactor core is composed of graphite fuel pebbles, which drain
very slowly in a continuous refueling process. Pebble flow is poorly understood
and not easily accessible to experiments, and yet it has a major impact on
reactor physics. To address this problem, we perform full-scale,
discrete-element simulations in realistic geometries, with up to 440,000
frictional, viscoelastic 6cm-diameter spheres draining in a cylindrical vessel
of diameter 3.5m and height 10m with bottom funnels angled at 30 degrees or 60
degrees. We also simulate a bidisperse core with a dynamic central column of
smaller graphite moderator pebbles and show that little mixing occurs down to a
1:2 diameter ratio. We analyze the mean velocity, diffusion and mixing, local
ordering and porosity (from Voronoi volumes), the residence-time distribution,
and the effects of wall friction and discuss implications for reactor design
and the basic physics of granular flow.Comment: 18 pages, 21 figure
Minkowski Tensors of Anisotropic Spatial Structure
This article describes the theoretical foundation of and explicit algorithms
for a novel approach to morphology and anisotropy analysis of complex spatial
structure using tensor-valued Minkowski functionals, the so-called Minkowski
tensors. Minkowski tensors are generalisations of the well-known scalar
Minkowski functionals and are explicitly sensitive to anisotropic aspects of
morphology, relevant for example for elastic moduli or permeability of
microstructured materials. Here we derive explicit linear-time algorithms to
compute these tensorial measures for three-dimensional shapes. These apply to
representations of any object that can be represented by a triangulation of its
bounding surface; their application is illustrated for the polyhedral Voronoi
cellular complexes of jammed sphere configurations, and for triangulations of a
biopolymer fibre network obtained by confocal microscopy. The article further
bridges the substantial notational and conceptual gap between the different but
equivalent approaches to scalar or tensorial Minkowski functionals in
mathematics and in physics, hence making the mathematical measure theoretic
method more readily accessible for future application in the physical sciences
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