A Comprehensive Classification of Business Activities in the Market of Intellectual Property Rights-related Services

Technology and intellectual property markets have witnessed great developments in the last few decades. Due to intellectual property rights gaining more importance and technology companies opening up their innovation processes, a wide range of intellectual property rights related services have emerged in the last two decades. The goal of this research is to develop a comprehensive classification system of intellectual property rights related services (IPSC). The classification is created by applying an ontology engineering process. The IPSC consists of 72 various IPR services divided into six main categories (100 Legal Service; 200 IP Consulting; 300 Matchmaking and Trading; 400 IP Portfolio Processing; 500 IPR-related Financial Service; 600 IPR-related Communication Service). The implications of the thesis are directed to policy makers, technology transfer managers, C-level executives and innovation researchers. The IPSC enables practitioners and researchers to organize industry data that can be thereafter analyzed for better strategy and policy making. In addition, this contributes towards organizing a more transparent and single intellectual property market.:Acknowledgements I Abstract II Contents IV List of Figures VI List of Tables VII 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction to Technology Markets 1 1.2. Explanation of Key Concepts 5 1.3. Research Questions and Goals 9 1.4. Readers Guide 13 2. Literature Review 15 2.1. Intellectual Property Markets State of the Art Review 15 2.2. Ontology Engineering State of the Art Review 22 3. Methodology 26 3.1. Methontology 26 3.2. Planning the IPSC 29 3.3. Specification 30 3.4. Conceptualization 31 3.5. Formalization 32 3.6. Integration 32 3.7. Evaluation 33 3.8. Documentation 33 3.9. Realization and Maintenance 33 4. Data description and collection framework 34 5. Applying Methontology 46 5.1. Knowledge Acquisition and Planning the IPSC 46 5.2. Specification 46 5.3. Conceptualization 47 5.4. Formalization 54 100 Legal Service 56 200 IP Consulting 60 300 Matchmaking and Trading 65 400 IP Portfolio Processing 72 500 IPR-related Financial Service 76 600 IPR-related Communication Service 81 5.5. Integration 86 5.6. Evaluation 95 5.7. Documentation 104 5.8. Realization and Maintenance of the IPSC 106 6. Interview Results and Further Discussions 108 6.1. Implications for Industry 108 6.2. Contributions of the IPSC 110 6.3. Limitations of the IPSC and Future Work 112 7. Conclusions 116 References 120 List of experts interviewed and the date of interview 129 Appendices 13

An Overview of Knowledge Mapping in Digital Business Industry: A Systematic Literature Review

The increasing number of studies in the knowledge map shows attention from researchers in academic and professional areas. However, the knowledge map implementation has not effectively implemented in an organization whose business in the digital business industry, especially startup organization. The main reason is the lack of stakeholder's understanding of the knowledge map concept. Thus, this study gives a comprehensive understanding of knowledge map implementation in the digital business industry within the last five years period. The study will answer what problems knowledge map tackled, tools, and techniques used currently, the obstacles and benefits of using a knowledge map. The review was conducted through the structured systematic literature review procedure. It started with a review protocol declaration and ended with an analysis of the prior researches obtained from five credible sources. Only 25 of 775 studies remain after several filtering stages. It is found that a knowledge map is mostly used for decision-making purposes. Most studies adopted a visual knowledge map and concept map, even though it is difficult to align the knowledge depth. In the end, this study's result will help stakeholders to reflect on their existing knowledge relationship structure. This study also offers directions for future research and professional practices in digital business industry firms to perfect their existing organizational intellectual capital through a knowledge map

The analysis and presentation of patents to support engineering design

This paper explores the role of patents in engineering design, and how the extraction and presentation of patent data could be improved for designers. We propose the use of crowdsourcing as a means to post tasks online for a crowd of people to participate and complete. The is-sues of assessment, searching, clustering and knowledge transfer are evaluated with respect to the literature. Opportunities for potential crowd intervention are then discussed, before the presentation of two initial studies. These related to the categorization and interpretation of patents respectively using an online platform. The initial results establish basic crowd capabilities in understanding patent text and interpreting patent drawings. This has shown that reasonable results can be achieved if tasks of appropriate duration and complexity are set, and if test questions are incorporated to ensure a basic level of understanding exists in the workers

Conceptualizing the Role of Geographical Proximity in Project Based R&D Networks: A Literature Survey

Empirical evidence shows that research is being carried out more in cooperation or in collaboration with others, and the networks described by these collaborative research activities are becoming more and more complex. This phenomenon brings about new strands of research questions and opens up a different research context in the area of geography of innovation. The recent set of literature addressing these new issues shows a high degree of variation in terms of focus, approaches and methodology. Hence to elucidate the relationship between networks and geography it is crucial to have a review them. In this regard, this study focuses on a particular type of networks, namely, project based R&D networks and aims at describing the state-of-the-art in explaining the specificity of geography in formation and evolution of such networks. Towards this aim, we framed the discussion along four lenses: the specificity of geography in partner choice, in successful execution of the collaboration, in the resulting innovation performance both at the organizational and regional level, and the spatio-temporal evolution of networks. The overview provided by the survey is suggestive regarding the theorization of geography and network relationship, and informative regarding the issues demanding further research effort, and promising extensions.

Opportunity Identification for New Product Planning: Ontological Semantic Patent Classification

Intelligence tools have been developed and applied widely in many different areas in engineering, business and management. Many commercialized tools for business intelligence are available in the market. However, no practically useful tools for technology intelligence are available at this time, and very little academic research in technology intelligence methods has been conducted to date. Patent databases are the most important data source for technology intelligence tools, but patents inherently contain unstructured data. Consequently, extracting text data from patent databases, converting that data to meaningful information and generating useful knowledge from this information become complex tasks. These tasks are currently being performed very ineffectively, inefficiently and unreliably by human experts. This deficiency is particularly vexing in product planning, where awareness of market needs and technological capabilities is critical for identifying opportunities for new products and services. Total nescience of the text of patents, as well as inadequate, unreliable and untimely knowledge derived from these patents, may consequently result in missed opportunities that could lead to severe competitive disadvantage and potentially catastrophic loss of revenue. The research performed in this dissertation tries to correct the abovementioned deficiency with an approach called patent mining. The research is conducted at Finex, an iron casting company that produces traditional kitchen skillets. To \u27mine\u27 pertinent patents, experts in new product development at Finex modeled one ontology for the required product features and another for the attributes of requisite metallurgical enabling technologies from which new product opportunities for skillets are identified by applying natural language processing, information retrieval, and machine learning (classification) to the text of patents in the USPTO database. Three main scenarios are examined in my research. Regular classification (RC) relies on keywords that are extracted directly from a group of USPTO patents. Ontological classification (OC) relies on keywords that result from an ontology developed by Finex experts, which is evaluated and improved by a panel of external experts. Ontological semantic classification (OSC) uses these ontological keywords and their synonyms, which are extracted from the WordNet database. For each scenario, I evaluate the performance of three classifiers: k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), random forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM). My research shows that OSC is the best scenario and SVM is the best classifier for identifying product planning opportunities, because this combination yields the highest score in metrics that are generally used to measure classification performance in machine learning (e.g., ROC-AUC and F-score). My method also significantly outperforms current practice, because I demonstrate in an experiment that neither the experts at Finex nor the panel of external experts are able to search for and judge relevant patents with any degree of effectiveness, efficiency or reliability. This dissertation provides the rudiments of a theoretical foundation for patent mining, which has yielded a machine learning method that is deployed successfully in a new product planning setting (Finex). Further development of this method could make a significant contribution to management practice by identifying opportunities for new product development that have been missed by the approaches that have been deployed to date

Roadmapping for Intellectual Property Strategy Formulation: a Conceptual Framework and a Practical Process

In the worldwide knowledge-based economy, intellectual property (IP) is recognised as a key business asset. In the digital economy, whether for large corporates, SMEs or start-ups, it is not uncommon that innovative technologies, devices (products) and services are built from a complex set of IP. As organisations increasingly employ open innovation processes, IP is likely to not only result from internal R&D, but also from external sources, such as R&D partners, complementors and even competitors. Building and maintaining IP-based competitive advantage then rests on the effective acquisition (internal and external), exploitation and enforcement of IP. When having to manage complex IP portfolios and actor relations, an IP strategy is useful to provide guidance to decision makers. While business executives often express the need for better IP management tools and IP strategy formulation approaches, the corresponding literature is surprisingly scarce. In this thesis, a roadmapping-based approach is proposed for IP strategy formulation. While roadmapping is a widely adopted approach for strategy formulation at all firm levels, it has hardly been discussed in the IP management literature. Therefore, based on the strategic roadmapping approach, the IP roadmapping framework and the practical process model were developed for especially IP strategy formulation. The proposed IP strategy formulation approach integrates different strategy levels, provides clear visibility and facilitates communication and consensus among stakeholders in order to increase the prospects for better decision-making. The IP strategy formulation process is business centric, starting with an identification of business strategy objectives that can be supported by the means of IP, for instance, the creating of entry barriers and minimisation of the threats from substitutes. Throughout the process, these IP objectives are gradually translated into specific IP actions. The roadmapping approach then allows to align the timing and sequencing of these IP actions in support of the organisation’s business objectives. The sequence of the IP actions can then be synthesised into a coherent IP strategy. The roadmapping-based IP strategy formulation approach was developed using a procedural action research approach. The prototype has been developed based on literature review and 20 interviews in total with IP or roadmapping experts, and then the approach has been tested and refined through three action research cycles based on 12 interviews with 17 IP practitioners and roadmapping experts, and 14 roadmapping workshops involving IP managers, innovation experts and business executives of large international companies, SMEs and start-ups. Accordingly, this research contributes to both practice and theory. It not only provides a novel roadmapping approach which enables and facilitates structured conversations among executives, innovation, technology and IP experts, who often find it difficult to engage in conversations about IP decision making, but also contributes to the IP management literature in which there is a paucity of studies on IP strategy formulation in practice. It also contributes to the roadmapping literature proposing a novel use case for this widely adopted strategy formulation approach. Additionally, this research also contributes to the strategic management literature with elaborations on the concepts of IP strategy and strategic alignment. The next stage for this research will be disseminating the tool widely and evaluating its commercialisation value for different purposes. This is going to be completed through close collaboration with IfM ECS and one independent technical consulting firm specialising in matters relating to IP. In addition, to help equip entrepreneurs with the tools they need for IP strategy formulation, the materials developed through this research will be made available online for downloading. The hope is that the materials can enable companies to conduct IP strategy formulation exercises by themselves, but also that this openly accessible material will be picked up by entrepreneurship teaching programmes. By spreading good practice on IP strategy formulation, it is expected that the toolkit can help companies to overcome some of the obstacles and maximise value from their IP

Essays on entrepreneurial transference of technology and patenting

The present dissertation consists of five studies on entrepreneurial transference of technology and patenting in the framework of industrial engineering. The focus is to show how the pattern of innovative behavior pursued by firms is determinant in several phases of the firm's lifecycle, starting with chapter 1 which consists of an introductory paper around the role of academies as accelerators of knowledge exploitation, their flows on the translation of science results into privately appropriable knowledge. The first paper makes a review of the theoretical background on the topics of technology transfer and innovation, taking as references the US and the European experiences. It functions as a theoretical basis for framing out a set of innovative papers on the general topic of entrepreneurial transference of technology and patenting. Chapter 2 studies the impact of a set of determinants for assessing the academic patent's value, based on two samples, 281 patents from Cambridge University, UK, and 160 patents from Carnegie Mellon University, US. Here, size of the patent family impacts positively on the value of the academic patent and the time to maturity and the geographical scope denote a negative influence. In addition, for spin-off firms from Carnegie Mellon University, the impact of geographical scope tends to be negative and significant. For the Cambridge University spin-offs, two main effects are detected, firstly, a negative and significant effect of time to maturity and secondly a positive and significant impact of the technical field on the patent's value. Chapter 3 analyzes the determinants behind the firms’ innovative behavior and their coopetition dynamics, by using a dataset of 3682 manufacturing firms and 1221 service firms from the European Community Innovation Survey (CIS), 2008. Results reveal that the manufacturing and service firms' capacity to generate product and service innovations denote a significant influence for sustaining an innovative behavior. In fact, coopetition arrangements between competitors and other R&D stakeholders and the firm's capacity to introduce innovations into the market are major drivers of innovative performance. Furthermore, service firms denote that the introduction of process innovations inside the firm and the internal R&D activities are of major importance for spurring the firm's capacity to generate innovations. Chapter 4 analyzes the firm's growth determinants, going a little bit further than previous studies by introducing proxies such as IP rights transactions, e.g., in-licensing activities and out-licensing activities, making use of a sample of 818 firms (high-tech and medium high-tech) created in 2004 and tracked by the Kauffman Foundation in the subsequent six years xii period. The main conclusions point out there is a significant and positive impact of R&D intensity and of the in-license of external patents on the firm’s growth. Additionally, there is a negative and significant effect of the squared R&D intensity on the growth path of the firm, which reveals a U-inverted relationship to firm’s growth, that is, a positive impact on firm growth in an early stage, followed by a negative impact after achieving the optimal level. This impact is also reflected when we control for the activity sector, having a major effect on high-tech manufacturing industries and high-tech knowledge intensive service firms. Finally in the fifth chapter, the research focus is about the determinants of firm's growth and success and the prediction of the major factors that affect their survival avoiding exit. The sample we use is a sample of 4928 firms created in 2004 and followed by the Kauffman Foundation in the subsequent six years period. A special attention is devoted to the gazelle firms, since they are a key agent in the scope of the knowledge based entrepreneurial economy. From one side, we analyze the firms’ characteristics like age, size, IP intensity (namely, patents, copyrights and trademarks) and, from the other side, we study a set of founders’ traits, namely, age, work experience, educational background and gender, which are able to affect business survival. Results show that being a manufacturing gazelle which undertakes a corporate strategy oriented at innovation intensity is less probable to exit than the opposite. Conversely, the IPR portfolio of the firm (mainly patents and copyrights) denotes an important effect on its survival ratios. Furthermore, the paper denotes that small firms with more or less 4 years, whose founders, mainly males, with no university degree and with more than 35 years old are significantly more predictive of surviving than other firms

Searching for a suitable patent system for Finnish SMEs

Suomalaiset pienet ja keskisuuret yritykset (pk-yritykset) haluavat olla mukana maailmanlaajuisessa teknologisessa kehityksessä ja kasvattaa liiketoimintaansa erilaisten innovaatioiden avulla. Näitä innovaatioita pitää suojella kansallisesti ja kansainvälisesti. Lainsäädäntö on kehittänyt tätä varten immateriaalioikeudet, joista tässä työssä käsitellään patenttia. Patentti antaa yksinoikeuden keksintöön sekä suojaa teknisiä ja teollisia innovaatioita väärinkäytöltä. Samalla se voi rajata kilpailua. Monet suomalaiset pk-yritykset ovat kasvavassa määrin hyödyntämässä patenttisuojaa omiin innovaatioihinsa, mutta koko ajan lisääntyvä patenttidatan ja -työkalujen määrä sekä hajanaisuus aiheuttavat haasteita oikean patenttijärjestelmän löytämiselle. Tässä työssä käsitellään neljää patenttijärjestelmää, kansainvälinen, eurooppa-, yhtenäis- ja kansallinen patenttijärjestelmä, koska ne antavat laajan vertailupohjan sekä ovat suomalaisten pk-yritysten innovaatioiden suojaamiseen mahdollisia järjestelmiä. Patenttia suunnittelevien suomalaisten pk-yritysten olisi hyvä ymmärtää patenttilainsäädäntö sekä patenttijärjestelmät. Lisäksi niiden tulisi ottaa huomioon erilaiset ulkoiset tekijät, kuten ympäristönsuojelu ja muut lait. Yrityksellä pitäisi olla myös valmiina riittävän selkeä liiketoiminta- sekä taloudellinen suunnitelma. Tämä tutkielma pyrkii vastaamaan näihin haasteisiin tarjoamalla suomalaisille pk-yritykselle sopivat patenttityökalut oikean patenttijärjestelmän löytämiselle. Pk-yritysten liiketoimintaympäristön, koon ja innovaatiobudjetin vaihtelun vuoksi työ jättää yksittäiselle yritykselle mahdollisuuden itse valita tietty patenttijärjestelmä omien rajojensa puitteissa. Tutkielma on toteutettu oikeusdogmaattisena tutkimuksena laajan oikeudellisen aineiston, kuten lakien ja oikeuskirjallisuuden, avulla. Lisäksi siinä hyödynnetään monia kaupallistaloudellisia lähteitä, joita ovat esimerkiksi tieteelliset artikkelit, tutkimukset sekä tilastot. Patenttityökaluja on monia, ja ne voidaan jakaa patenttijohtamisen, -strategian, taloudellisten laskelmien sekä patenttidataan pohjautuviin (prior art) työkaluihin. Näiden työkalujen avulla pk-yritykset saavat kokonaiskuvan eri patenttinäkökulmista ja pystyvät valitsemaan itselleen sopivan patenttijärjestelmän laajasta patenttidatasta. Kaikki työkalut ovat tärkeitä, mutta niiden hyödyntämisen laajuutta tulee harkita jokaisessa yrityksessä erikseen, jotta yritysten omat tavoitteet voidaan saavuttaa. Tutkimustulokset tarjoavat paljon tärkeää tietoa patenttihakemuksesta. Taustatyö täytyy kuitenkin toteuttaa ensin huolellisesti, mikä tarkoittaa taloudellisen ja liiketoiminnallisen suunnittelun tärkeyttä ennen laajempien innovaatiosuunnitelmien täytäntöönpanoa. Toisaalta pk-yritysten tulee ottaa huomioon ulkoiset teknologiset, lainsäädännölliset, taloudelliset ja ympäristölliset tekijät. Patenttijärjestelmien näkökulmasta kustannukset, hakemusajat, oikeudenkäynnit, luottamus järjestelmään, maantieteellinen laajuus, saatavuus ja patenttihakemuksen vaatimukset vaikuttavat tutkimuksen lopputulokseen

The combination of the disciplines of Techmining and semantic TRIZ for better and faster analyzing technology evolution

Tesis por compendioThe purpose of the present thesis is to explore and to demonstrate how the combination of two methodological approaches, text mining plus the systemic vision of TRIZ empowered by semantics, can bring a larger and more comprehensive analysis of the evolution of a technology. Both approaches had been not combined before the first of the four papers constituents of the present thesis based in a compendium of publications. However, this combination applied to the evolution of technologies is increasingly being published in the scientific literature. Such combination shows a second benefit in the form of an improvement in accessing and connecting knowledge from disparate scientific literatures in a systematic manner. The common element in all these papers is the use of the technology mining approach, 'techmining', the application of text mining techniques based on technology management knowledge, combined with the use of semantic TRIZ, the advantage of syntactic applied to the systemic vision of TRIZ. These papers show that a better analysis of evolving technologies, e.g. by profiling technologies from a systemic point of view or, a better access to knowledge, e.g. by semantically connecting concepts with meaning, can be achieved. The research on applying the combination of these approaches to scientific and technological information analysis explores the advantages and new possibilities for technology trends assessment as well as the semantic connection of concepts which represents a change in the way information research can be done. The different applications of the aforementioned combination are explored by means of the here presented articles. The structure followed in this research is the collection of three papers published in international academic journals indexed in the most prestigious databases and one chapter in a proceedings book of an international congress. The attached articles show the research undertaken to demonstrate the aforementioned benefits of the proposed combination. Despite it can be found many methods and approaches about the assessment of the evolution of technologies, distributed across the literature, there is still a need to better understand which technologies may emerge, which may evolve faster and at what pace can they reach the market. The combination of the techmining approach and the semantic TRIZ approaches allows understanding the trends enriched with a systemic vision of the links, functions, and influences of constituent and enabling elements of a technology. Such systemic link of elements with its components and ecosystem also allows for a multi-dimensional view of a technology and further reduces the uncertainty to preview the progress of a technology. The papers presented in this dissertation are based on the combination of the TRIZ methodology, the techmining approach and the semantic TRIZ approach, applied to different technologies in different domains, to proof the advantages and implications of the combination. The articles try the different interactions of the combined approaches, applied to the assessment of different technologies, such as lithium batteries for the electric car, a medical case linked to a disease known as Meniére's Disease, the prognosis of prostate cancer, and the usage of probiotics as substitutes of antibiotics in the animal health. The wide range of technologies was selected to show the clear benefits of either combining the two approaches or applying predominantly one of them in the case of the Meniére's disease article. That difference in the nature of technologies also helped to better understand the systemic point of view of the technology, exploring new applications based on the general system theory from Bertalanffy as well as other related approaches about technologies.El propósito de la presente tesis es la exploración y la demostración de la combinación de dos enfoques metodológicos, la minería de textos y la visión sistémica de TRIZ reforzada con la semántica, pueden aportar un mayor y mas exhaustivo análisis de la evolución de una tecnología. Ambos enfoques no habían sido combinados antes del primero de los cuatro artículos que representan esta tesis por compendio de publicaciones, aunque dicha combinación ha sido crecientemente publicada en la literatura científica, para multiples propósitos desde entonces. Un segundo aporte proporcionado por esta combinación es la mejora de la capacidad de acceso al conocimiento y cómo ello supone un avance para el descubrimiento a través de literaturas no relacionadas "disparate literature discovery" de una forma metódica y científica. El elemento común en los artículos aquí presentados es el aprovechamiento de techmining, esto es, la minería de textos con base en la gestión tecnológica, por ejemplo mediante el perfilado de tecnologías, junto al enfoque de la metodología TRIZ potenciada por el análisis sintáctico y semántico, esto es, mediante la conexión semántica de conceptos, para un análisis más completo de la evolución tecnológica, proporcionando al mismo tiempo un acceso más racional al conocimiento. La investigación sobre la aplicación de la citada combinación al análisis de información científica y tecnológica explora las ventajas y nuevas posibilidades en la evaluación del avance de la tecnología, así como la conexión semántica de conceptos que representa nuevas posibilidades en la forma en que la investigación textual puede hacerse. La estructura de la investigación aquí presentada se muestra a través de los artículos publicados en revistas internacionales de alto impacto y el capítulo de los 'proceedings' de un congreso internacional. Dichos artículos muestran la investigación llevada a cabo para demostrar los beneficios mencionados de la combinación propuesta. A pesar de la gran actividad de investigación y de la existencia de varios enfoques para la prospectiva y la previsión tecnológica presentes en la literatura científica, existe aún la necesidad de entender qué tecnologías pueden emerger, pueden evolucionar más rápido y a qué velocidad pueden llegar al mercado. La combinación de los enfoques de minería tecnológica o techmining y TRIZ semántico permite entender las tendencias de una tecnología dada, enriquecida con una visión de su sistémica, y teniendo en cuenta las conexiones de sus elementos y las influencias de sus elementos constituyentes. Tal conexión entre los components y su entorno permite una vision multidimensional de la tecnología reduciendo más aún la incertidumbre en la previsión de la evolución de una tecnología. Los artículos presentados en esta tesis son aplicaciones y exploraciones de la combinación de mencionada, a diferentes tecnologías de diversos ámbitos muy dispares entre sí, con el fin de demostrar sus ventajas e implicaciones. Los artículos tratan las diferentes interacciones entre ambos enfoques de trabajo, aplicados a tecnologías como baterías de litio para los vehículos eléctricos, un caso médico ligado a una dolencia como el síndrome de Méniere, a la prognosis del cáncer de próstata y al uso de probióticos en la alimentación animal como sustitución de los antibióticos. Este amplio rango de tecnologías han sido seleccionados para mostrar las ventajas, de forma más objetiva, de la combinación de ambos enfoques o con predominancia de alguno en particular, como es el caso del artículo explorando el síndrome de Méniere. Estas exploraciones permiten también entender mejor el punto de vista sistémico de una tecnología, descubriendo nuevas aplicaciones basadas en la teoría general de sistemas de Bertalanffy así como en otros enfoques relacionados.El propòsit de la present tesi és l'exploració i la demostració de la combinació de dos enfocaments metodològics, la minería de textes i la visió sistémica de TRIZ, reforçada amb la sintáctica i la semántica, mostrant que poden oferir un abast més gran i més holístic en l'enteniment de l'evolució d'una tecnología. Tots dos enfocaments no habían estat combinats abans del primer article dels quatre que composen aquesta tesi, però creixentment combinat dins la literatura científica per a múltiples propostes des de la primera publicació. Una segona aportació proporcionada per aquesta combinació és la millora de la capacitat d'accés al coneixement, i de com això suposa un avanç en l'àrea de recerca a traves de literatures no relacionades "disparate literature discovery" d'una forma metòdica i científica. L'element comú en els articles presentats en aquesta tesi és l'aprofitament de la mineria de textos amb base en la gestió tecnològica, 'techmining', per exemple mitjançant el perfilat de tecnologies, al costat de l'enfocament de la metodologia TRIZ potenciada per l'anàlisi sintàctica i semàntica, mitjançant la conexión semántica de conceptes, per assolir un anàlisi més complet de l'evolució tecnològica, així com per a garantir un accés més racional al coneixement. La investigació de l'aplicació de la combinació dels dos enfocaments a l'anàlisi d'informació científica i tecnològica realizat, exploren els avantatges i noves possibilitats en l'avaluació de l'avanç de tecnologies, així com la conexión de conceptes uqe representa noves possibilitats en la forma en què la investigació textual pot fer-se. L'estructura de la investigació ací presentada es mostra a través dels articles publicats i el capítol dels 'proceedings' d'un congrés internacional. Aquests articles mostren la investigació duta a terme per demostrar els beneficis esmentats. Tot i la gran activitat de recerca i enfocaments per a la prospectiva i la previsió tecnològica existents a la literatura científica, existeix encara la necessitat d'entendre quines tecnologies poden emergir, poden evolucionar més ràpid i a quina velocitat poden arribar al mercat. La combinació dels enfocaments de mineria tecnològica o 'techmining' i TRIZ semàntic permet entendre les tendències d'una tecnologia donada, amb una visió del seu sistema, les connexions dels seus elements i les influències dels elements constituents. Els articles presentats en aquesta tesi són aplicacions i exploracions de la combinació de la metodologia TRIZ, la seva potenciació mitjançant la semàntica i el techmining a diferents tecnologies de diversos àmbits, alguns molt dispars entre si, per tal de demostrar les seves avantatges i implicacions. Els articles tracten les diferents interaccions entre els dos enfocaments de treball, aplicats a tecnologies com bateries de liti per als vehicles elèctrics, un cas mèdic lligat a una malaltia com la síndrome de Ménière, a la prognosi del càncer de pròstata i en alimentació, a l'ús de probiòtics en l'alimentació animal com a substitució dels antibiòtics. Aquest ampli rang de tecnologies han estat seleccionats per mostrar els avantatges de forma més objectiva, de la combinació de tots dos enfocaments o amb predominança d'algun en particular, com és el cas de l'article explorant la síndrome de Ménière. Aquestes exploracions permeten també entendre millor el punt de vista sistèmic d'una tecnologia, descobrint noves aplicacions amb base en la teoria general de sistemes de Bertalanffy així com altres treballs relacionats.Vicente Gomila, JM. (2017). The combination of the disciplines of Techmining and semantic TRIZ for better and faster analyzing technology evolution [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/89088TESISCompendi

Marketing Strategies During the Product Life Cycle in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Development and implementation of effective marketing strategies during various stages of product life cycle in the pharmaceutical industry are critical to an organization\u27s successful performance in the marketplace in the 21st century. Guided by the general systems theory developed by Bertalanffy and the evolutionary systems theory developed by Laszlo and Laszlo, the purpose of this single case study was to explore best practices among marketing managers within pharmaceutical companies related to marketing strategies during various stages of product life cycle. Data were gathered via semistructured interviews with 3 purposefully selected managers who have successfully developed marketing strategies in a central Ohio pharmaceutical company in business for more than 10 years. A review of secondary data included company documents, such as annual reports, news releases, and websites, in addition to government databases. Member checking was conducted to ensure accuracy of the interpreted data and trustworthiness of the research findings. Yin\u27s 5-step process and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. Four themes emerged from data analysis: marketing function, product life cycle phases, factors influencing the decision-making process, and strategic activities in executing business strategies. Findings may have implications for positive social change such as assisting organizational leaders to understand the challenges and business practices in implementing marketing strategies to successfully deliver products that improve patients\u27 health