The prospects for mathematical logic in the twenty-first century

The four authors present their speculations about the future developments of mathematical logic in the twenty-first century. The areas of recursion theory, proof theory and logic for computer science, model theory, and set theory are discussed independently.Comment: Association for Symbolic Logi

Reasoning about functional programs by combining interactive and automatic proofs

We propose a new approach to computer-assisted verification of lazy functional programs where functions can be defined by general recursion. We work in first-order theories of functional programs which are obtained by translating Dybjer's programming logic (Dybjer, P. [1985]. Program Verification in a Logical Theory of Constructions. In: Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture. Ed. by Jouannaud, J. P. Vol. 201. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp. 334–349) into a first-order theory, and by extending this programming logic with new (co-)inductive predicates. Rather than building a special purpose system, we formalise our theories in Agda, a proof assistant for dependent type theory which can be used as a generic theorem prover. Agda provides support for interactive reasoning by representing first-order theories using the propositions-as-types principle. Further support is provided by off-the-shelf automatic theorem provers for first-order-logic called by a Haskell program that translates our Agda representations of first-order formulae into the TPTP language understood by the provers. We show some examples where we combine interactive and automatic reasoning, covering both proofs by induction and co-induction. The examples include functions defined by structural recursion, simple general recursion, nested recursion, higher-order recursion, guarded and unguarded co-recursion.Proponemos un nuevo enfoque a la verificación asistida por computador de programas funcionales perezosos, en los cuales las funciones pueden ser definidas por recursión general. Empleamos teorías de primer orden para programas funcionales las cuales fueron obtenidas de traducir la lógica para la programación de Dybjer (Dybjer, P. [1985]. Program Verification in a Logical Theory of Constructions. En: Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture. Ed. by Jouannaud, J.-P. Vol. 201. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, págs. 334–349) a una teoría de primer orden, y de extender esta lógica para la programación con nuevos predicados (co-)inductivos. En lugar de construir un sistema para formalizar nuestras teorías, formalizamos éstas en Agda, un asistente de pruebas para teoría de tipos dependientes que puede ser usado como un demostrador de teoremas genérico. Agda proporciona soporte para el razonamiento interactivo representando las teorías de primer orden mediante el principio de propositions-as-types. Se obtiene soporte adicional mediante demostradores automáticos de teoremas genéricos para lógica de primer orden, los cuales son llamados por un programa desarrollado en Haskell, que traslada nuestra representación en Agda de las fórmulas de primer orden al lenguaje TPTP entendido por los demostradores automáticos. Mostramos ejemplos de combinación de razonamiento interactivo y automático en pruebas por inducción y por co-inducción. Nuestros ejemplos incluyen funciones definidas por recursión estructural, recursión general simple, recursión anidada, recursión de orden superior y co-recursión

On the Semantics of Intensionality and Intensional Recursion

Intensionality is a phenomenon that occurs in logic and computation. In the most general sense, a function is intensional if it operates at a level finer than (extensional) equality. This is a familiar setting for computer scientists, who often study different programs or processes that are interchangeable, i.e. extensionally equal, even though they are not implemented in the same way, so intensionally distinct. Concomitant with intensionality is the phenomenon of intensional recursion, which refers to the ability of a program to have access to its own code. In computability theory, intensional recursion is enabled by Kleene's Second Recursion Theorem. This thesis is concerned with the crafting of a logical toolkit through which these phenomena can be studied. Our main contribution is a framework in which mathematical and computational constructions can be considered either extensionally, i.e. as abstract values, or intensionally, i.e. as fine-grained descriptions of their construction. Once this is achieved, it may be used to analyse intensional recursion.Comment: DPhil thesis, Department of Computer Science & St John's College, University of Oxfor

P vs NP: P is Equal to NP: Desired Proof

Computations and computational complexity are fundamental for mathematics and all computer science, including web load time, cryptography (cryptocurrency mining), cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, game theory, multimedia processing, computational physics, biology (for instance, in protein structure prediction), chemistry, and the P vs. NP problem that has been singled out as one of the most challenging open problems in computer science and has great importance as this would essentially solve all the algorithmic problems that we have today if the problem is solved, but the existing complexity is deprecated and does not solve complex computations of tasks that appear in the new digital age as efficiently as it needs. Therefore, we need to realize a new complexity to solve these tasks more rapidly and easily. This paper presents proof of the equality of P and NP complexity classes when the NP problem is not harder to compute than to verify in polynomial time if we forget recursion that takes exponential running time and goes to regress only (every problem in NP can be solved in exponential time, and so it is recursive, this is a key concept that exists, but recursion does not solve the NP problems efficiently). The paper’s goal is to prove the existence of an algorithm solving the NP task in polynomial running time. We get the desired reduction of the exponential problem to the polynomial problem that takes O(log n) complexity

General Recursion via Coinductive Types

A fertile field of research in theoretical computer science investigates the representation of general recursive functions in intensional type theories. Among the most successful approaches are: the use of wellfounded relations, implementation of operational semantics, formalization of domain theory, and inductive definition of domain predicates. Here, a different solution is proposed: exploiting coinductive types to model infinite computations. To every type A we associate a type of partial elements Partial(A), coinductively generated by two constructors: the first, return(a) just returns an element a:A; the second, step(x), adds a computation step to a recursive element x:Partial(A). We show how this simple device is sufficient to formalize all recursive functions between two given types. It allows the definition of fixed points of finitary, that is, continuous, operators. We will compare this approach to different ones from the literature. Finally, we mention that the formalization, with appropriate structural maps, defines a strong monad.Comment: 28 page

A deductive system for existential least fixpoint logic

Existential least fixpoint logic (ELFP) is a logic with a least fixpoint operator but only existential quantification. It arises in many areas of computer science including logic programming, database theory, program verification, complexity theory, and recursion theory on abstract structures. A sequent calculus (Gentzen-style deductive system) for this logic is presented and proved to be complete. Basic model theoretic facts about ELFP are derived from the completeness theorem and the construction used in its proof. The relationship of these model theoretic facts to logic programming and database queries is explored

A Swiss Pocket Knife for Computability

This research is about operational- and complexity-oriented aspects of classical foundations of computability theory. The approach is to re-examine some classical theorems and constructions, but with new criteria for success that are natural from a programming language perspective. Three cornerstones of computability theory are the S-m-ntheorem; Turing's "universal machine"; and Kleene's second recursion theorem. In today's programming language parlance these are respectively partial evaluation, self-interpretation, and reflection. In retrospect it is fascinating that Kleene's 1938 proof is constructive; and in essence builds a self-reproducing program. Computability theory originated in the 1930s, long before the invention of computers and programs. Its emphasis was on delimiting the boundaries of computability. Some milestones include 1936 (Turing), 1938 (Kleene), 1967 (isomorphism of programming languages), 1985 (partial evaluation), 1989 (theory implementation), 1993 (efficient self-interpretation) and 2006 (term register machines). The "Swiss pocket knife" of the title is a programming language that allows efficient computer implementation of all three computability cornerstones, emphasising the third: Kleene's second recursion theorem. We describe experiments with a tree-based computational model aiming for both fast program generation and fast execution of the generated programs.Comment: In Proceedings Festschrift for Dave Schmidt, arXiv:1309.455

Recursive Definitions of Monadic Functions

Using standard domain-theoretic fixed-points, we present an approach for defining recursive functions that are formulated in monadic style. The method works both in the simple option monad and the state-exception monad of Isabelle/HOL's imperative programming extension, which results in a convenient definition principle for imperative programs, which were previously hard to define. For such monadic functions, the recursion equation can always be derived without preconditions, even if the function is partial. The construction is easy to automate, and convenient induction principles can be derived automatically.Comment: In Proceedings PAR 2010, arXiv:1012.455

Natural Deduction for Four-Valued both Regular and Monotonic Logics

The development of recursion theory motivated Kleene to create regular three-valued logics. Remove it taking his inspiration from the computer science, Fitting later continued to investigate regular three-valued logics and defined them as monotonic ones. Afterwards, Komendantskaya proved that there are four regular three-valued logics and in the three-valued case the set of regular logics coincides with the set of monotonic logics. Next, Tomova showed that in the four-valued case regularity and monotonicity do not coincide. She counted that there are 6400 four-valued regular logics, but only six of them are monotonic. The purpose of this paper is to create natural deduction systems for them. We also describe some functional properties of these logics