Contamination in Cryptographic Protocols

We discuss a foundational issue in multi-prover interactive proofs (MIP) which we call "contamination" by the verifier. We propose a model which accounts for, and controls, verifier contamination, and show that this model does not lose expressive power. A new characterization of zero-knowledge naturally follows. We show the usefulness of this model by constructing a practical MIP for NP where the provers are spatially separated. Finally, we relate our model to the practical problem of e-voting by constructing a functional voter roster based on distributed trust

Towards intelligent aquaculture. Development of an early Biological Warning System to monitor exposure to contaminants and fish welfare: from artificial vision to systems modelling

161 p.Etorkizun hurbilera begira gizakion kopurua ez ezik (Gerland et al., 2014; United Nations, 2014), itsas elikagaien ekoizpenaren eta kontsumoaren hazkundea espero da. Azken honen hazkundeak, batipat, akuikulturak bideratuko du (German Advisory Council on Global Change - WBGU, 2013). Akuikultura, ekoizpena handiagotzeko helburuagaz, itsas organismoen hazkunde kontrolatua da. Bertatik lortzen diren produktuak era askotakoak izan daitezke: arrainak, moluskuak, krustazeoak, algak eta itsas landareak dira ezagunenak. Baina kokodriloak, dortokak eta beste motatako zenbait animalia urlehortarrak ere ekoizten dira. Era berean, akuikultura instalazioek kokapen desberdinak euki ditzakete: itsas kostaldean zein itsasadarretan baina lur barnean zein ibai edo lakuen ondoan ere aurkitu daitezke.Beste edozein ekoizpen prozesu bezala, sortzen diren produktuen kalitatea erronka garrantzitsuenetariko bat da. Eta kalitatea, kontuan izanda sortzen diren produktuak gizakion kontsumorako direla, ekoiztutako animalien osasungarritasunarekin bat doa. Kezkarik garrantzitsuenetarikoa itsas elikagaien ekoizpenean ur ingurugiroan dauden kutsatzatzaileek ekoiztutako produktuetan duten efektua da. Kutsatzaileak gero eta kantitate haundiagoetan azaltzen dira eta gainera, gero eta kutsatzaile berri gehiago agertzen dira (Bevan et al., 2012; Roose et al., 2011). Kutsatzaileak ez dira bakarrik uretara izurtzen, animaliei emoten zaien elikagaiak ere kutsatuta egon daitezke (Dahle et al., 2010; Dobson et al., 2008; Sharma and Paradakar, 2010). Hoierariko kutsatzaile askok ere, animalien ongizatean efektu negatiboak izaten dituzte eta galera ekonomiko haundiak sortarazten dituzte. Gaur egun, kutsatzaileak antzemateko metodo ez-inbasiboen galera dago. Hare eta gehiago, kutsatzaile berriak detektatzeko metodorik ez dago, antzemate metodoak kutsatzaile bakoitzeko ezpezifikoki diseinatsen direlako eta gero eta kutsatzaile berri gehiago detektatzen direlako, adibidez gizakion kontsumorako uran (Dahle et al., 2010; Roose et al., 2011).Tesi honek, monitorizazio metodologia ez inbasibo bat garatzen du non arrainak Alerta Sistema Biologikoa (Biological Warning System - BWS) giza erabiltzen dira. Arrainak, euren igeriketa jokabidea aztertuz, sensore bat balira kontzideratzen dira. Metodologia honen abantailarik esanguratsugarrienak dira: i) teknologia eskuragarria bideratzea, ii) monitorizazio on-line-a uzten duela eta iii) mota ezberdinetako kutsatzaileekin, ezagun ala ezezagun, lan egiteko ahalmena izango duela.Azkenik, proposatutako Alerta Sistema Biologikoa beste hierarkia handiagoko sistemekin egon beharko luke harremanetan eta sistema guzti hauen emaitzak ekoiztutako produktuen trazabilitate agiriekin batera joan beharko lukete azken produktuak merkatuara heltzerakoan. Hierarkia handiagoko sistema hauek Arrizku Analisis eta Punto Kritikoen Kontrol (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point - HACCP) eta Arrain Ongizate Segurtasun Sistemak (Fish Welfare Assurance System - FWAS) dira hain zuzen ere (van de Vis et al., 2012).HipotesiaTesi hau ondoko hipotesian oinarrituta dago:Arrain multzo batek sentsore biologiko bat izango balitz bezala jokatuko du; arrainen jokabidea, arrainen erantzun biologiko eta fisiologikoak batzen dituena, kanpo estimuluen aurrean modu ez inbasiboan neurtu daitekelako. Honek, arrain-sistemaren jokabidearen aldaketa on-line monitorizaziorako tresna gisa erabiltzea bideratzen du.Helburuak eta ekarpenakTesi honen helburu garrantzitsuena arrainak sentsore giza erabiliz, arrainen ongizatea on-line monitorizatzeko eta akuikultura industrian aplikatzeko tresna baten disenua eta eraikuntza da. Honetarako, jakintza alor anitzak jorratzen dira, hala nola biologia, etologia, ingurugiroaren ikuskaketa, arrainen ongizatea, elikagain kalitatearen fidagarritasuna, sistemen ingenieritza edota seinaleen prozesamendu ez-lineala.Lupia (Dicentrarchus labrax) izan da Tesi hau garatzeko aukeratutako arrain mota bi arrazoi nagusirengatik. Batetik, mediterraneo itsasoko herrialdeetako akuikultura produkzioan oso hedatuta dagoelako eta, aurrekoarekin loturik, lupiaren produkzioan arrainen ongizatearen eta azken produktuaren kalitatea oso garrantzitsua delako, gehienbat gizakion kontsumora bideraturiko produktua delako hain zuzen.Bigarren mailako helburuak, proposatutako tresnaren ebaluazioarekin lotuta egoteaz gain, diseinatutako sistemak aldagai ezberdinen menpean duen portaera aztertzen dute, hala nola:Arrain-sistemaren erantzuna arrain kopurua aldatuz.Arrain-sistemaren erantzuna arrainen dietari selenioa gehitzerakoan.Arrain-sistemaren erantzuna urari kutsatzaile neurotoxikoa den metilmekurioa gehitzerakoan.Hirugarren eta azken helburua, aurreko bi helburuen bitartez garatutako informazioa, ezagutza-eredu batetan isladatzearekin dator bat.Helburu hauekin loturik, Tesi honek ondoko ekarpenak ditu:Sistemen ingenieritzan oinarritutako lan metodologia berri bat garatu da.Ez-inbasiboa, moldakorra, merkea eta Alerta Sistema Biologiko sistema batetan egokitzeko gai den irudi analisian oinarritutako tresna bat garatu da.Perturbazio bati erantzunez arrain multzoaren mugimendu ereduan oinarrituriko sentsore bat garatu da.Arrainen multzoaren igeriketa ereduari aplikatu ahal zaizkion zenbait seinale prozesaketa metodo ez-lineala garatu dira.Arrainen erantzuna kanpotiko perturbazio baten aurrean modelatzen duen eredu matematikoa garatu da.Garatutako metodologia eta monitorizazio tresna zenbait kasu experimentaletan aztertu da.Ikerketa MetodologiaIkerketa metodologiaren aldetik, Glass-ek (1995) proposatutako pausu berdinak jarraitu dira. Honela, Tesia lau faseetan banaturik dago: jakinarazte fasea, fase proposizionala, fase analitikoa eta ebaluaketa fasea. Era berean, erabilitako metodologia zati zientifiko eta zati enpiriko baten batura da. Ikerketa metodologia honek erdiesten dituen onurak ondokoak dira:Erabilitako ikerketa metodologia arrainen multzoak eta bere ingurugiroak osatzen duten sistemaren dinamika ulertzeko ezin bestekoa izan da.Tesian garatuta tresna zenbait kasu partikularretan aztertu da. Honela, tresnaren onurak ez ezik bere mugak ere aztertu ahal izan dira.Garatutako tresna benetako akuikultura instalazio batetan inplementatzeko bideragarritasuna aztertu da Norbegiako ¿Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS)¿ Ikerketa Zentruan hiru hilabeteko ikerketa egonaldiari esker. Egonaldia Europa Batasuneko ikerlari mugikortasun beka batekin finantziatu da ¿European Economic Area (EEA) Researcher Mobility and Co-operation Grant, NILS Science and Sustainability Programme.Publikatutako lanen maila, kalitatea eta irismena handiagotu da.Etorkizunean, ikerketa proiektu eta gertaeretan parte hartzeko ahalmenaren handiagotzea, ikerlariaren kontaktu sarearen handiagotzearekin batera.Azkenik, Tesiaren zati experimentalak Yin-en (1993) kasu-ikerketaren oinarriak jarraitzen ditu. Kasu-ikerketa metodoa ezagutza induktiboa sortzeko erabiltzen da eta eguneroko gertakari erreal eta komplexuei aplikatzerakoan baliagarritasun handia erakusten du.Lanaren GarapenaTesi honen lehenengo zatian, irudi analisian oinarritutako metodologia ez-inbasibo bat garatzen da. Metedologia hau, video grabaketa, irudi prozesaketa eta seinale ez-linealen analisi eta prozesaketan datza. Arrain multzoaren erantzuna gertaera estokastiko edo aleatorio baten aurrean aztertzen eta neurtzen da. Irudietan agertzen diren objetuen antzematea, fluxu optikoko algoritmo baten bitartez burutzen da. Honela arrainak detektatu ez ezik, irudien atzealdea eta bestelako efektu ez desiratuak ezabatzen dira. Azkenik, arrain multzoaren zentruak jarraitzen duen ibilbidea, Shannon (Shannon, 1951, 1948) eta permutazio entropia (Bandt and Pompe, 2002) batetik; eta Higuchi (1988), Katz (1988) eta Castiglioni-k (2010) proposatutako Katz algoritmoaren aldaketaren bitartezko dimentsio fraktal algoritmoez aztertzen da.Garatutako monitorizazio tresna hiru kasu partikularretan aztertu zen. Lehenengoan, hiru lupia multzo aztertu ziren. Horietariko bi antzekoak ziren (kontrolak eta elastomero batekin markatutakoak), eta hirugarrena aldiz, 9 egunez metilmerkuriodun (4 µg MeHg/L) uretan murgildutako arrainez osoturik zegoen. Shannon-en entropia eta Katz-Castiglioni-ren algoritmoek izan ziren emaitza onenak erakutzi zutenak. Esan daiteke biek, arrainen erantzunak modu ez inbasibo batean kuantifikatzeko garaian, ahalmen nahikoa erakutsi zutela. Hala ere, Katz-Castiglioni-ren algoritmoak Shannon-en entropia baino askoz ere pisu konputazional handiagoa erakutsi zuen.Hasiera baten, arrain multzoa osotzen zuten animalien kopurua inolako eraginik euki zitzakela animalia sistema osoaren jokabidean garatutako aztertze metodologiari dagokionez, ez zen uste. Honetan sakontzeko, bigarren kasu partikular bat diseinatu zen, non sistemako aldagai bakarra arrain kopurua zen. Bigarren kasu partikular honen helbururik garrantzitsuena sistemarentzako Lan Puntuaren zehazpena zen, hau da, arrainek inolako perturbazio barik daudeneko egoera dinamikoa. Monitorizazio tresna doitzeko eta perturbazioak egoera ¿normaletik¿ bereiztu ahal izateko, Lan Puntuaren zehazpena ezin bestekoa da. Honetarako bi experimentu disenatu ziren:Arrain kopuruaren murrizketa. Arrain kopurua 50etik 1era pasatu zen 4 asteren buruan (50, 25, 13 eta arrain 1 aste bakoitzeko).Arrain kopururaren hazkuntza. Sistema osotzen duten arrainen kopurua 1etik 5era hazi zen egunero arrain berri bat sartuz (1, 2, 3, 4 eta 5 arrain egun bakoitzeko).Hirugarren kasu partikularrean, aldiz, arrainen urari bi sustantzia ezberdin gehitu zitzaizkion. Batetik, sodio selenitoa (Na2SeO3, 10 µg/L) gehitu zitzaion 7 egunen zehar eta bestetik metilmerkurioa (4 µg MeHg/L) 14 egunen zehar.Tesiaren azken atalean, aurreko kasuetan garatutako jakituriarekin ezagutza eredu bat eraiki da. Eredua, 3 azpi-ereduez osatuta dago, zeintzuk sistemaren eguneroko erantzuna eta Shannon-en entropiaren emaitzak, egoera basalean, gertaera aleatorio bateri erantzunez eta azken bien arteko erlazioari begira, integratzen dituzte.OndorioakOndoren Tesiaren ondoriorik esanguratsuenak adierazten dira:Arrainen monitorizaziorako tresna garatu da. Tresnaren oinarrian irudi eskuraketa eta prozesaketa egoteaz gain, arrain multzoak osatzen duen zentruaren ibilbidearen analizi ez-lineala ere badago.Arrainen sistemaren dinamika aztertzeko garaian Shannon-en entropia parametrorik onena izan da.1 eta 5 arrainen artean, lubia arrain sistemaren Shannon-en entropia eta sistema osotzen duten arrain kopuruaren erlazioa oso estua da.Lubia arrain sistemaren eta Shannon-en entropiaren arteko erlazioa exponentziala da.Garatutako tresna kasu partikularrei aplikatzerakoan era egokian lan egin du. Honek, ikerketa lanaren hasierako Tesia berretsi du.Espero zen bezala eta garatutako tresnak konfirmatuta, urari gehitutako sodio selenito kontsentrazioak ez du inolako efekturik izan lubia sistemaren Shannon-en entropian.Era berean, garatutako tresnak konfirmatu du urari gehituriko metilmerkurioak efektu ezezkorra izan duela lubia sistemaren Shannon-en entropian.Tresnaren aplikazioak kasu partikularretan lubia sistemaren Shannon-en entropiaren eguneroko balioa ez ezik bere egunean-eguneko bilakaera kontutan hartu behar dela erakutsi du.Garatutako ezagutza eredua lubia arrain sistemaren jokabide erantsunaren eguneroko bilakaeran oinarrituriko 3 azpi-ereduz osoturik dago: Azpi-eredu basala, gertaera aleatorioaren erantzuneko azpi eredua eta aurreko biak erlazionatzen dituen azpi-eredua.Garatutako tresna, zenbait hobekuntzekin, on-line monitorizazio arkitektura batetan inplementatzeko gaitasuna duela esan daiteke. Eta beraz, era basatian nahiz akuikulturan, arrain multzoak monitorizatzeko edo/eta ur kutsadura antzemateko ingurumen-programetan tresna baliagarria izan daiteke.Beraz, ikerketa lan honen Tesia arrainak sentsore biologiko moduan erabil daitezkela da; kanpo perturbazioen eraginez euren portaeran agertzen diren aldaketak modu ez-inbasiboan neurtu daitezkelako.Gerorako LanaGaur egun Errezirkulazio Akuikultura Sistemek (Recirculating Aquaculture Systems - RAS) gero eta aplikazio handiagoa dute munduan zehar. Tesi honetan oinarrituriko teknologia baten garapenak zekulako erabilgarritasuna eukiko luke mota honetako sistemetan, batez ere, produkzio unitate osoa monitorizatu daitekelako. Era berean, ur kutsadura antzemateko ingurumen-programetan tresna baliagarria izan daiteke. Azken honetarako, teknologia honetan oinarrituriko ikusketa guneak garatu beharko lirateke.Urpean lan egiteak desabantail ugari ditu. Hau ekiditeko datu eskuraketa teknika ezberdinak aztertu beharko lirateke, hala nola izpi-infragorriak, sonar teknologia edota irudi hiperespektralak zenbait esatearren.Azkenik, teknologia honetatik lortutako datuak bestelako tekniken bidez lorturiko datuekin bat egin beharko lirateke. Honela, arrainen datu biokimiko, histologiko eta fisiologikoez gain, teknika ez-inbasiboen bidez neurtutako igeriketa jokabideak ere kontutan hartu beharreko parametroa izan beharko luke.Research Center for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology - Plentzia Marine Station (PiE

A systems theoretical approach for anti-money laundering informed by a case study in a Greek financial institution: Self-reference, AML, its systematic constitution and technological consequences.

This dissertation constitutes a systems theoretical analysis of Anti-Money Laundering that dismisses the projected ideals of holism and delves into the core of Systems Theory (ST) in the tradition of second-order cybernetics. This theoretical approach of ST is appropriated in order to describe the domain of Anti-Money Laundering (AML) as a system in itself and at the same time examine the consequences that technology comes to play within the system of AML. While the contemporary phenomenon of AML has been reduced mostly into a set of technological consequences from profiling technologies (technologies that attempt within financial institutions to model and simulate money-laundering behaviour for the generation of suspicious transactions), this dissertation takes a different approach. Instead of focusing at profiling technologies that are believed to be the core technological artefacts that influence AML within financial institutions, this dissertation examines a variety of information systems and their interplay and describes through empirical findings the multitude of interactions that are technologically supported and that construct a much more complex picture of dealing with AML and thereby influencing how money-laundering is perceived. The empirical findings supporting the theoretical treatise come from a longitudinal case study of a Greek financial institution where a systematic examination takes place regarding a variety of information systems that may affect AML within the bank. Beyond isolated interferences of information systems to AML, their interrelations are further examined in order to reflect on the emergent complexity that often distorts cause-and-effect AML manipulations. The theoretical contributions put forward, constitute a systems theoretical application and an expansion of technological/systemic interferences, while the practical contributions to AML cover broader systems-theoretical reflections on the domain, technological integration within financial institutions for targeting ML, feedback relations between financial institutions and Financial Intelligence Units, as well as the systemic consequences for the newly implemented risk-based approach

Law and Policy for the Quantum Age

Law and Policy for the Quantum Age is for readers interested in the political and business strategies underlying quantum sensing, computing, and communication. This work explains how these quantum technologies work, future national defense and legal landscapes for nations interested in strategic advantage, and paths to profit for companies

Management, Technology and Learning for Individuals, Organisations and Society in Turbulent Environments

This book presents the collection of fifty papers which were presented in the Second International Conference on BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY 2011 - Management, Technology and Learning for Individuals, Organisations and Society in Turbulent Environments , held in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, from 22ndto 24thof June, 2011.The main motive of the meeting was growing awareness of the importance of the sustainability issue. This importance had emerged from the growing uncertainty of the market behaviour that leads to the characterization of the market, i.e. environment, as turbulent. Actually, the characterization of the environment as uncertain and turbulent reflects the fact that the traditional technocratic and/or socio-technical approaches cannot effectively and efficiently lead with the present situation. In other words, the rise of the sustainability issue means the quest for new instruments to deal with uncertainty and/or turbulence. The sustainability issue has a complex nature and solutions are sought in a wide range of domains and instruments to achieve and manage it. The domains range from environmental sustainability (referring to natural environment) through organisational and business sustainability towards social sustainability. Concerning the instruments for sustainability, they range from traditional engineering and management methodologies towards “soft” instruments such as knowledge, learning, and creativity. The papers in this book address virtually whole sustainability problems space in a greater or lesser extent. However, although the uncertainty and/or turbulence, or in other words the dynamic properties, come from coupling of management, technology, learning, individuals, organisations and society, meaning that everything is at the same time effect and cause, we wanted to put the emphasis on business with the intention to address primarily companies and their businesses. Due to this reason, the main title of the book is “Business Sustainability 2.0” but with the approach of coupling Management, Technology and Learning for individuals, organisations and society in Turbulent Environments. Also, the notation“2.0” is to promote the publication as a step further from our previous publication – “Business Sustainability I” – as would be for a new version of software. Concerning the Second International Conference on BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY, its particularity was that it had served primarily as a learning environment in which the papers published in this book were the ground for further individual and collective growth in understanding and perception of sustainability and capacity for building new instruments for business sustainability. In that respect, the methodology of the conference work was basically dialogical, meaning promoting dialog on the papers, but also including formal paper presentations. In this way, the conference presented a rich space for satisfying different authors’ and participants’ needs. Additionally, promoting the widest and global learning environment and participation, in accordance with the Conference's assumed mission to promote Proactive Generative Collaborative Learning, the Conference Organisation shares/puts open to the community the papers presented in this book, as well as the papers presented on the previous Conference(s). These papers can be accessed from the conference webpage (http://labve.dps.uminho.pt/bs11). In these terms, this book could also be understood as a complementary instrument to the Conference authors’ and participants’, but also to the wider readerships’ interested in the sustainability issues. The book brought together 107 authors from 11 countries, namely from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Switzerland, and United States of America. The authors “ranged” from senior and renowned scientists to young researchers providing a rich and learning environment. At the end, the editors hope, and would like, that this book to be useful, meeting the expectation of the authors and wider readership and serving for enhancing the individual and collective learning, and to incentive further scientific development and creation of new papers. Also, the editors would use this opportunity to announce the intention to continue with new editions of the conference and subsequent editions of accompanying books on the subject of BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY, the third of which is planned for year 2013.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Untangling hotel industry’s inefficiency: An SFA approach applied to a renowned Portuguese hotel chain

The present paper explores the technical efficiency of four hotels from Teixeira Duarte Group - a renowned Portuguese hotel chain. An efficiency ranking is established from these four hotel units located in Portugal using Stochastic Frontier Analysis. This methodology allows to discriminate between measurement error and systematic inefficiencies in the estimation process enabling to investigate the main inefficiency causes. Several suggestions concerning efficiency improvement are undertaken for each hotel studied.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Project Risk Management in Public-Private Partnerships: An Equitable Risk Allocation Decision Model based on Psychometrics

Public-private partnership (P3) procurement has grown into an internationally acclaimed means of achieving value for money while procuring public infrastructure projects. Unlike conventional infrastructure procurement models, P3s transfer a considerable amount of project risk away from the public sector to the private sector. During a long, methodical procurement phase, public and private partners reach a final risk allocation agreement over forecasted risks regarding a project’s potential design, build, finance, operation, and maintenance. This thesis begins with exploring the P3 procurement phase, highlighting relevant project actors and stages leading up to the signing of a final contract. The concepts of risk and project risk management are studied under the assumption that P3 project partners operate under a principal-agent relationship, where public authorities are tasked with aligning private partner motivations with their own motivations through contractual incentives. A core literature database provides 54 identified P3 project risks along with their suggested sectorial allocations. Exactly half – 27 – of these risks are deemed contentious because they are not unanimously allocated to a given sector within the database. These 27 contentious P3 project risks were subjected to an expert questionnaire asking Canadian practitioners to allocate them to a preferred sector based on a five-point semantic differential scale. The respondent pool was equally comprised of public and private sector practitioners from an array of specialized occupations relevant to P3 project risk management. Expert input was subjected to various quantitative methods that measured: (i) levels of agreement within sectors over risk allocation preferences, (ii) levels of agreement between sectors over risk allocation preferences, and (iii) overall risk allocation preferences based on the five-point semantic differential scale. It is found that: (i) both sectors enjoy strong levels of agreement over risk allocation preferences, (ii) 6 of 27 risks show statistically significant levels of disagreement between sectors over their allocation preferences, and (iii) there are risks that should generally be borne by either the public or private sector pending individual P3 project circumstances. The research findings should enable scholars and practitioners alike to establish more concrete conceptions of where P3 project risks should generally be allocated pending circumstantial conditions unique to different P3 projects. Where risks cannot be broadly allocated due to circumstantial conditions, a review of the study’s final risk allocation model provides contextual considerations that influence their allocation. Concluding sections acknowledge this study’s methodological and theoretical limitations. Recommendations for future studies to consider, both methodological and theoretical, are provided

Advances in the sociology of trust and cooperation: theory, experiments, and field studies

The problem of cooperation and social order is one of the core issues in the social sciences. The key question is how humans, groups, institutions, and countries can avoid or overcome the collective good dilemmas that could lead to a Hobbesian war of all against all. Using the general set of social dilemmas as a paradigmatic example, rigorous formal analysis can stimulate scientific progress in several ways. The book, consisting of original articles, provides state of the art examples of research along these lines: theoretical, experimental, and field studies on trust and cooperation. The theoretical work covers articles on trust and control, reputation formation, and paradigmatic articles on the benefits and caveats of abstracting reality into models. The experimental articles treat lab based tests of models of trust and reputation, and the effects of the social and institutional embeddedness on behavior in cooperative interactions and possibly emerging inequalities. The field studies test these models in applied settings such as cooperation between organizations, informal care, and different kinds of collaboration networks. The book will be exemplary for rigorous sociology and social sciences more in general in a variety of ways: There is a focus on effects of social conditions, in particular different forms of social and institutional embeddedness, on social outcomes. Theorizing about and testing of effects of social contexts on individual and group outcomes is one of the main aims of sociological research. Modelling efforts include formal explications of micro-macro links that are typically easily overlooked when argumentation is intuitive and impressionistic Extensive attention is paid to unintended effects of intentional behavior, another feature that is a direct consequence of formal theoretical modelling and in-depth data-analyses of the social processe