Parameterizing the semantics of fuzzy attribute implications by systems of isotone Galois connections

We study the semantics of fuzzy if-then rules called fuzzy attribute implications parameterized by systems of isotone Galois connections. The rules express dependencies between fuzzy attributes in object-attribute incidence data. The proposed parameterizations are general and include as special cases the parameterizations by linguistic hedges used in earlier approaches. We formalize the general parameterizations, propose bivalent and graded notions of semantic entailment of fuzzy attribute implications, show their characterization in terms of least models and complete axiomatization, and provide characterization of bases of fuzzy attribute implications derived from data

Bivalent and other solutions of fuzzy relational equations via linguistic hedges

Abstract We show that the well-known results regarding solutions of fuzzy relational equations and their systems can easily be generalized to obtain criteria regarding constrained solutions such as solutions which are crisp relations. When the constraint is empty, constrained solutions are ordinary solutions. The generalization is obtained by employing intensifying and relaxing linguistic hedges, conceived in this paper as certain unary functions on the scale of truth degrees. One aim of the paper is to highlight the problem of constrained solutions and to demonstrate that this problem naturally appears when identifying unknown relations. The other is to emphasize the role of linguistic hedges as constraints. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Motivation Fuzzy relational equations play an important role in fuzzy set theory and its applications, see and every fuzzy relation U satisfying the first or the second equality is called a solution of the respective fuzzy relational equation. The nature of the unknown relationship represented by U may impose additional constraints on U. For example, one may require that U be a bivalent (crisp) relation (see Section 3 for an illustrative example). More generally

Research on Language Characteristics of Business Letter Writing

Business English letter writing is an important language skill especially for students majoring in English and business English. A large number of scholars both at home and abroad have already started researching on business letter writing, and the fields involved are quite extensive. However, the analysis of the language features of business English letter writing still has yet to fully tapped, which has a great value and space to explore. Especially in China which is increasingly open to the outside world with a booming economy, such a study will significantly promote the multilateral economic intercourse.This study would systematically summarize the relevant language features of business letter writing, supplemented by a number of examples of demonstration, to deepen the reader’s understanding of business letter writing. In addition, the results of this study will provide some inspirations and suggestions for the instruction of business letter writing

Many Valued Generalised Quantifiers for Natural Language in the DisCoCat Model

DisCoCat refers to the Categorical compositional distributional model of natural language, which combines the statistical vector space models of words with the compositional logic-based models of grammar. It is fair to say that despite existing work on incorporating notions of entailment, quantification, and coordination in this setting, a uniform modelling of logical operations is still an open problem. In this report, we take a step towards an answer. We show how one can generalise our previous DisCoCat model of generalised quantifiers from category of sets and relations to category of sets and many valued rations. As a result, we get a fuzzy version of these quantifiers. Our aim is to extend this model to all other logical connectives and develop a fuzzy logic for DisCoCat. The main contributions are showing that category of many valued relations is compact closed, defining appropriate bialgebra structures over it, and demonstrating how one can compute within this setting many valued meanings for quantified sentences.EPSRC Career Acceleration Fellowship EP/J002607/

AN ANALYSIS OF METADISCOURSE DEVICES USED IN THE INTRODUCTORY TEXTBOOKS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND NATURAL SCIENCE

Fitri Nurhelawati. 14121330385. “An Analysis of Metadiscourse Devices Used In the Introductory Textbooks of Social Science And Natural Science” This research is primarily intended to capture exploring metadiscourse devices in the introductory texbooks of social science entitled „English for Academic Purposes: An Advanced Resource Book by Ken Hyland‟ and introductory textbook of natural science entitled „Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction by Timothy Gowers‟. In writing study metadiscourse has come to refer to the various ways that these understandings of context and audience are realized in texts, the forms we use to transform what may otherwise be a lifeless text into discourse that meets the needs of participants. It is a universal aspect of our everyday language and a major feature of the way we communicate in a range of genres and setting. This research is interest because this research based on the popular‟s theory of Hyland about metadiscourse. The aims of this research are to analyze types of metadiscourse devices used in the introductory textbooks of social and natural science and a dominant metadiscourse device used in the introductory textbooks of social science and natural science. This researcher based on theory from Hyland (2005) to find out the types of metadiscourse devices in kind of textbooks. The researcher employs the descriptive qualitative research as a type of the research. The instrument of research is documentation and technique of collecting data is documentation content analysis. The data sources consist of „English for Academic Purposes: An Advanced Resource Book by Ken Hyland‟ and introductory textbook of natural science entitled „Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction by Timothy Gowers‟. The first findings show that types of metadiscourse in the introductory texbook of social science there are logical connectives with the precentage 58%, sequences 13%, reminders 3%, topicalizers 1%, code glosses 8%, attitude markers 0%, certainty markers 8%, attributors 0%, hedges 8% and commentary 1% were frequent in the first introductory textbooks. And in the introductory texbook of natural science are logical connectives 77%, sequences 6%, reminders 3%, topicalizers 2%, code glosses 4%, attitude markers 1%, certainty markers 4%, attributors 0%, hedges 0% and commentary 3%. The second finding in this research is a dominant metadiscourse in the introductory textbooks of social and natural science is textual metadiscourse exactly is logical connectives devices. Keywords: metadiscourse, textbook, social and natural scienc