Políticas de Copyright de Publicações Científicas em Repositórios Institucionais: O Caso do INESC TEC

A progressiva transformação das práticas científicas, impulsionada pelo desenvolvimento das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), têm possibilitado aumentar o acesso à informação, caminhando gradualmente para uma abertura do ciclo de pesquisa. Isto permitirá resolver a longo prazo uma adversidade que se tem colocado aos investigadores, que passa pela existência de barreiras que limitam as condições de acesso, sejam estas geográficas ou financeiras. Apesar da produção científica ser dominada, maioritariamente, por grandes editoras comerciais, estando sujeita às regras por estas impostas, o Movimento do Acesso Aberto cuja primeira declaração pública, a Declaração de Budapeste (BOAI), é de 2002, vem propor alterações significativas que beneficiam os autores e os leitores. Este Movimento vem a ganhar importância em Portugal desde 2003, com a constituição do primeiro repositório institucional a nível nacional. Os repositórios institucionais surgiram como uma ferramenta de divulgação da produção científica de uma instituição, com o intuito de permitir abrir aos resultados da investigação, quer antes da publicação e do próprio processo de arbitragem (preprint), quer depois (postprint), e, consequentemente, aumentar a visibilidade do trabalho desenvolvido por um investigador e a respetiva instituição. O estudo apresentado, que passou por uma análise das políticas de copyright das publicações científicas mais relevantes do INESC TEC, permitiu não só perceber que as editoras adotam cada vez mais políticas que possibilitam o auto-arquivo das publicações em repositórios institucionais, como também que existe todo um trabalho de sensibilização a percorrer, não só para os investigadores, como para a instituição e toda a sociedade. A produção de um conjunto de recomendações, que passam pela implementação de uma política institucional que incentive o auto-arquivo das publicações desenvolvidas no âmbito institucional no repositório, serve como mote para uma maior valorização da produção científica do INESC TEC.The progressive transformation of scientific practices, driven by the development of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which made it possible to increase access to information, gradually moving towards an opening of the research cycle. This opening makes it possible to resolve, in the long term, the adversity that has been placed on researchers, which involves the existence of barriers that limit access conditions, whether geographical or financial. Although large commercial publishers predominantly dominate scientific production and subject it to the rules imposed by them, the Open Access movement whose first public declaration, the Budapest Declaration (BOAI), was in 2002, proposes significant changes that benefit the authors and the readers. This Movement has gained importance in Portugal since 2003, with the constitution of the first institutional repository at the national level. Institutional repositories have emerged as a tool for disseminating the scientific production of an institution to open the results of the research, both before publication and the preprint process and postprint, increase the visibility of work done by an investigator and his or her institution. The present study, which underwent an analysis of the copyright policies of INESC TEC most relevant scientific publications, allowed not only to realize that publishers are increasingly adopting policies that make it possible to self-archive publications in institutional repositories, all the work of raising awareness, not only for researchers but also for the institution and the whole society. The production of a set of recommendations, which go through the implementation of an institutional policy that encourages the self-archiving of the publications developed in the institutional scope in the repository, serves as a motto for a greater appreciation of the scientific production of INESC TEC

The structure and dynamics of scholarly networks between the Dutch Republic and Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the 17th century

In recent years, the theoretical approaches of social network analysis have already made an impact in the historical field. Specifically, the Republic of Letters, the pan-European intellectual community of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth century, has been the subject of a rich interdisciplinary historiography for the past few decades. But although this letter-writing community has attracted more and more scholarly attention in conjunction with a global turn in the practice of the digital humanities, the study of networks in historical research remains a field in its infancy. It has yet to establish its methodology, its ontologies, the best digital tools, and even the language by which we invoke technical processes in the study of early modern history. Rarely do historical studies offer an actual implementation and testing of how the mathematical tools employed by network scientists offer valuable ways of understanding and exploring the past. Most studies underline the potential utility of network metrics, but leave their exploration for future research. To add to this conceptual murkiness, the use of digital tools is often looked upon in a suspicious way, considered to be too simplistic and hence unsuitable to deal with the complexity and uncertainty of historical sources. There is, as underlined by Ruth Ahnert and Sebastian Ahnert, \u201cstill much work to be done before statistical methods are embedded within the literary historian\u2019s toolbox\u201d. We need, therefore, to continue to sharpen our digital tools and experiment with network models that give nuance, subtilty and detail to historical data. This study attempts to take up this challenge and to demonstrate how social network analysis enables us to advance the cause of historical inquiry. It will address this challenge by exploring the ways in which early modern scholars capitalized on opportunities in the social structure to which they were connected. Accordingly, much of the essence of this study focuses on methodology rather than historical narrative. We might even say that this study has an experimental character in nature. Specifically, we will take a look at how early modern networks were actively and consciously constructed, modified, questioned and navigated by early modern scholars. They were constantly monitoring their interactions with one another in making decisions. On the one hand, early modern scholars were expected to contribute towards the achievement of the collective goals of the Republic of Letters \u2013 the bonum commune \u2013 that rested on the imperative of sharing knowledge without frontiers. Nevertheless, they had to deal with many tensions and inefficiencies at a time in which the freedom of communication was not always guaranteed. These tensions ranged from restrictions imposed by the Inquisition to scholarly rivalries, jealousy and competition. As a consequence, it seems that the citizens of the Republic of Letters often found themselves between extremes, struggling to find a balance in dealing with these tensions. They had to strategically negotiate between open and closed circles in their networks, between friendly and hostile relationships and between openness and secrecy in their communication. [...