701 research outputs found
The Medieval Chinese GÄthÄ and Its Relationship to Poetryâ©
Abstract: This paper investigates the shifting definitions of the term gÄthÄ (Ch. ji) over an 800-year period, from the earliest sĆ«tratranslations into Chinese until the mid-tenth century. Although the term originally referred to the verse sections of scriptures, gÄthÄs soon began to circulate separately, used in ritual, contemplative, and pedagogical practices. By the late sixth century, it began to mean something like âBuddhist verse.â Over the course of the Tang, gÄthÄs came to take on the formal features of poetry, eventually becoming all but indistinguishable from elite verse. However, the word gÄthÄ was always seen as something inferior to real poetry, and, by the late Tang, we find poet-monks belittling other monksâ didactic verses so as to distinguish their own work and avoid the taint of the word gÄthÄ. ReÌsumeÌ: Cet article explore lâĂ©volution du sens du terme gÄthÄ (ch. ji) sur une pĂ©riode sâĂ©tendant sur plus de huit cent ans, depuis les premiĂšres traductions des sĆ«tra en chinois jusquâau milieu du dixiĂšme siĂšcle. Bien que ce terme dĂ©signĂąt Ă lâorigine les parties rimĂ©es des textes sacrĂ©s bouddhiques, les gÄthÄs trĂšs tĂŽt commencĂšrent Ă circuler indĂ©pendamment et Ă ĂȘtre employĂ©es dans les pratiques rituelles, contemplatives et pĂ©dagogiques. Vers la fin du sixiĂšme siĂšcle, il devint synonyme de « poĂ©sie bouddhique ». Au cours de la dynastie des Tang, les gÄthÄs adoptĂšrent les rĂšgles formelles de la poĂ©sie, si bien quâils devinrent quasiment identiques aux autres formes dâexpression poĂ©tique des Ă©lites. Le mot gÄthÄ cependant continua Ă Ă©voquer un style infĂ©rieur Ă celui de la « vraie » poĂ©sie, et Ă la fin des Tang des moines-poĂštes moquĂšrent les vers didactiques composĂ©s par dâautres moines dans le but de distinguer leur propres compositions et de se dĂ©marquer des connotations peu flatteuses du terme gÄthÄ
ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models
While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities
across tasks in language understanding and interactive decision making, their
abilities for reasoning (e.g. chain-of-thought prompting) and acting (e.g.
action plan generation) have primarily been studied as separate topics. In this
paper, we explore the use of LLMs to generate both reasoning traces and
task-specific actions in an interleaved manner, allowing for greater synergy
between the two: reasoning traces help the model induce, track, and update
action plans as well as handle exceptions, while actions allow it to interface
with external sources, such as knowledge bases or environments, to gather
additional information. We apply our approach, named ReAct, to a diverse set of
language and decision making tasks and demonstrate its effectiveness over
state-of-the-art baselines, as well as improved human interpretability and
trustworthiness over methods without reasoning or acting components.
Concretely, on question answering (HotpotQA) and fact verification (Fever),
ReAct overcomes issues of hallucination and error propagation prevalent in
chain-of-thought reasoning by interacting with a simple Wikipedia API, and
generates human-like task-solving trajectories that are more interpretable than
baselines without reasoning traces. On two interactive decision making
benchmarks (ALFWorld and WebShop), ReAct outperforms imitation and
reinforcement learning methods by an absolute success rate of 34% and 10%
respectively, while being prompted with only one or two in-context examples
Evidence of contacts between pharaonic Egypt and the State entities of Hittite and Post-Hittite Anatolia
Il progetto (tesi di dottorato in Storia, UniversitĂ di Pavia), ha lo scopo di fornire un catalogo completo e commentato di tutte le fonti testuali e archeologiche egiziane e ittite che attestano i contatti tra l'Anatolia e la Valle del Nilo, durante il II e il I millennio a.C.The project (PhD thesis in History, University of Pavia, aims to provide a complete and commented catalogue of all the Egyptian and Hittite textual sources and archaeological artefacts, attesting contacts between Anatolia and the Nile Valley, during the 2nd and 1st millennium BC
An Urdu semantic tagger - lexicons, corpora, methods and tools
Extracting and analysing meaning-related information from natural language data has attracted the attention of researchers in various fields, such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), corpus linguistics, data sciences, etc. An important aspect of such automatic information extraction and analysis is the semantic annotation of language data using semantic annotation tool (a.k.a semantic tagger). Generally, different semantic annotation tools have been designed to carry out various levels of semantic annotations, for instance, sentiment analysis, word sense disambiguation, content analysis, semantic role labelling, etc. These semantic annotation tools identify or tag partial core semantic information of language data, moreover, they tend to be applicable only for English and other European languages. A semantic annotation tool that can annotate semantic senses of all lexical units (words) is still desirable for the Urdu language based on USAS (the UCREL Semantic Analysis System) semantic taxonomy, in order to provide comprehensive semantic analysis of Urdu language text. This research work report on the development of an Urdu semantic tagging tool and discuss challenging issues which have been faced in this Ph.D. research work. Since standard NLP pipeline tools are not widely available for Urdu, alongside the Urdu semantic tagger a suite of newly developed tools have been created: sentence tokenizer, word tokenizer and part-of-speech tagger. Results for these proposed tools are as follows: word tokenizer reports of 94.01\%, and accuracy of 97.21\%, sentence tokenizer shows F of 92.59\%, and accuracy of 93.15\%, whereas, POS tagger shows an accuracy of 95.14\%. The Urdu semantic tagger incorporates semantic resources (lexicon and corpora) as well as semantic field disambiguation methods. In terms of novelty, the NLP pre-processing tools are developed either using rule-based, statistical, or hybrid techniques. Furthermore, all semantic lexicons have been developed using a novel combination of automatic or semi-automatic approaches: mapping, crowdsourcing, statistical machine translation, GIZA++, word embeddings, and named entity. A large multi-target annotated corpus is also constructed using a semi-automatic approach to test accuracy of the Urdu semantic tagger, proposed corpus is also used to train and test supervised multi-target Machine Learning classifiers. The results show that Random k-labEL Disjoint Pruned Sets and Classifier Chain multi-target classifiers outperform all other classifiers on the proposed corpus with a Hamming Loss of 0.06\% and Accuracy of 0.94\%. The best lexical coverage of 88.59\%, 99.63\%, 96.71\% and 89.63\% are obtained on several test corpora. The developed Urdu semantic tagger shows encouraging precision on the proposed test corpus of 79.47\%
The Vernacular World Of Pu Songling
Pu Songling (1640-1715) is known to the world for his Liaozhai zhiyi, which has come to represent the epitome of the Chinese classical tale. Yet there is also a large and lesser-known body of ballads, plays and songs attributed to him, transmitted through local manuscript and oral culture in Puâs native Zichuan, Shandong. Presenting these works in the context of the localityâs textual culture, this dissertation reveals them to be informed by both literary tradition and the sights and sounds of a village world.
The first chapter introduces the vernacular oeuvre attributed to Pu Songling and the sources of this study, mainly from the RyĆsai Bunko at Keio University. It tells the early 20th century story of the collection and the discovery of Puâs vernacular works in China at the time, and analyzes aspects of Zichuanâs textual culture as discernable from the collection. The second chapter focuses on Puâs Riyong suzi (Popular characters for daily use), a rhymed educational text in local language on the vocabularies of everyday life, belonging to a vibrant literature of vernacular primers. Riyong suzi mediated not only between standard script and local speech, but also the spheres of textual and living knowledge. The third chapter employs filial piety as a lens into the world of popular entertainment, focusing on ballads and plays attributed to Pu on the subject of the family. Comparing vernacular ballad against classical tale, it calls into question elements of these works which ostensibly make them âeliteâ or âpopular,â while bringing to attention the balladsâ skillful evocations of a village world alive with oral exchanges and verbal duels. The final chapter is devoted to depictions of history in the play Monan qu (Song of tribulations) attributed to Pu and in drum ballads from Shandong. These vernacular engagements with local and dynastic history reveal a range of literati experiments with popular performance genres. Colloquial song and narrative formed a common, informal literary medium in the region, tied intimately to the classical tradition while providing alternative channels for diversion, dissent, and innovation
The Indo-European (IE) Linguistic Spread and the âHomeland Problemâ Revisited
The nineteenth and early twentieth-century intellectual claim to European ancestry stems from the âAryan Mythââthe linguistic equating of Iranians as direct descendants of Aryans, or Indo-Europeans. The historical genesis of the word âAryanâ was influenced by The First Persian Empire (550-330 B.C.E.) in reference to an Iranian homeland, and by nineteenth-century Western linguistsâ associations with the ancestral Indo-Europeans (IE).1 Notable philologists examining the âhomeland problemâ have shown a standard concern towards the accuracy of scholarship on Indo-European origins. Ara (2008) decodes Indo-European origins and spread that gradually led to affiliations between Indo-Iranians and the âAryanâ label. The onomastics approach would suggest that the proto-language left identifiable clues in the landscape itself (Mallory & Adams, 2006, p. 447). Dyenâs (1956) linguistic migration and homeland theory cites a European homeland accepted since the nineteen hundreds. Nicholsâ (1997) analysis of the Indo-European migrations from 4,000 to 3,500 B.C.E. points to a locus of language dispersal within western central Asia (p. 134). Mallory (1989) and Kuzmina (1994a) favor a Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic-Caspian steppe region from the fifth to fourth millennium B.C.E.2 (Lamberg-Karlovsky, 2004, p. 142). The accurate whereabouts of the Indo-European and daughter Indo-Iranian language group have been reviewed from various fields and by abundant methodologies, including the eschatological, anthropological, linguistic, and archaeologicalâall adding to the convoluted nature of scholarship on the Aryan question. The academic search for an Iranian homeland raises the inquiry of how ethnicity and region become tantamount to politicized and prejudiced topics on the account of misappropriations of a linguistic concept. An archaeological and lexicostatistic excavation of the conservative nature to review the genesis of Aryan homeland origins may help diverge from the aggrandized ethnological, ethnographic, and anthropometric evidence that has ramified an essentialist nomenclature of the Indo-Iranians in the eighteen and nineteen hundreds
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