"Strange forms" : Still in need for a framework.

Planification stratégique; Coût de transaction;

Needs, Modes and Efficiency of Economic Organizations and Public Interventions in Agriculture

There has been a fundamental development in theory and understanding of market, private, collective and public organizations in recent years. This paper incorporates achievements of the interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics (combining Economics, Organization, Law, Sociology, Behavioral and Political Sciences) and suggests a framework for assessing the needs and efficiency of economic organizations and public interventions in agriculture. Our new approach includes: study of farm and other agrarian organizations as a governing rather than production structure; assessment of comparative efficiency of alternative market, contract, internal, and hybrid modes of governance; analysis of level of transaction costs and their institutional (distribution and enforcement of de-facto rights between individuals, groups, organizations), behavioral (agents preferences, ability, bounded rationality, tendency for opportunism, risk aversion, trust), dimensional (frequency, uncertainty, assets specificity, and appropriability of transactions), natural, and technological factors; determination of effective horizontal and vertical boundaries of farms and other agrarian organizations; specification of the economic role of government and the needs for public interventions in agrarian sector; assessment of comparative of alternative forms of public involvement in agrarian sector (partnership, regulation, taxation, assistance, provision, in house organization, fundamental property rights modernization). The paper provides new powerful tools for understanding the agrarian organizations and their efficiency, and for improvement of public policies, collective actions, farming and business strategies, and academic analyses in that important sector of social life.market, private and public modes of governance, efficiency of farms and agrarian organizations, agricultural policies, transaction costs, New Institutional Economics

Mechanisms of Governance of Sustainable Development

In this paper we incorporate the interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics (combining Economics, Organization, Law, Sociology, Behavioral and Political Sciences), and suggest a framework for analyzing the mechanisms of governance of sustainable development. The agricultural sector is used to illustrate the approach, test the framework, and support with examples. Firstly, we discuss the modern concepts and the economics of sustainability. Secondly, we present a new framework for analysis and improvement of the governance of sustainable development. This new approach takes into account the role of specific institutional environment; and the behavioral characteristics of individual agents; and the transaction costs associated with the various forms of governance; and the critical factors of economic activity and exchanges; and the comparative efficiency of market, private, public and hybrid modes; and the potential of production structures for adaptation; and the comparative efficiency of alternative modes for public intervention. Finally, we identify specific modes for environmental governance in Bulgarian agriculture; and access the efficiency of market, private and public modes; and estimate the prospects for evolution of environmental governance in the conditions of EU CAP implementation. Agrarian development is associated with specific (different from other European states) environmental challenges such as degradation and contamination of farmland, pollution of surface and ground waters, loss of biodiversity, significant greenhouse gas emissions etc. That is a result of the specific institutional and governing structure evolving in the sector during the past 20 years. Implementation of the common EU policies will have unlike results in “Bulgarian” conditions enlarging income, technological, social and environmental discrepancy between different farms, sub-sectors and regions. Dominating subsistence farming, production cooperatives, small-scale commercial farms, and large business firms will be highly sustainable in years to come.mechanisms of governance; sustainable development; institutions, market, private, public and hybrid modes of governance; transaction costs; agrarian sustainability; environmental governance; Bulgaria

Management of farm contracts and competitiveness

This study presents a holistic framework for understanding, analyzing and assessing farm contracts and competitiveness. It incorporates the interdisciplinary approach and specifies different mechanisms of farm governance; defines types and features of farm contracts; identifies technological, institutional, behavioral, dimensional, and transaction costs factors for contractual choice; specifies effective modes for organizational and contractual arrangements; determines the effective boundaries of farms; defines farm competitiveness, its criteria and indicators. The book also analyzes structure and efficiency of farm contracts, and assesses farm competitiveness in Bulgaria. The analyses embraces the post-communist institutional and organizational modernization of farming sector; evaluates the efficiency of various modes for management of land supply, labor supply, service supply, inputs supply, finance supply, insurance supply, and marketing of different type of farms; and assesses the competitiveness of dominating unregistered, cooperative and business farms in the conditions of EU integration and CAP implementation. The book would be helpful for scholars, businessmen, farmers, civil servants, policy-makers, interest groups, representatives of agrarian, non-governmental and international organizations, and all individuals who want to understand farm contracts and competitiveness

Study on Agrarian Contracts in Bulgaria

This paper suggests a holistic framework for analysis of agrarian contracts and investigates the contractual structure in transitional Bulgarian agriculture. Firstly, it incorporates the interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics (combining Economics, Organization, Law, Sociology, Behavioral and Political Sciences) and describes major mechanisms of governance of agrarian activity – institutional environment, market competition, private, collective and public order; and defines features of agrarian sale-purchase, lease, employment, service, loan, insurance and coalition contracts; and identifies technological, institutional, behavioral, dimensional, and transaction costs factors for contractual choice and specifies effective modes for contractual arrangements in agriculture; and determines the effective boundaries and sustainability of farm and agrarian organizations. Secondly, it analyzes the post-communist institutional and organizational modernization of Bulgarian agriculture, and assesses the efficiency of various modes for governing of land supply, and labor supply, and service supply, and inputs supply, and finance supply, and insurance supply, and marketing of output in different type of farms.mechanisms of governance; contract management; type of agrarian contracts; factors and efficiency of contractual choice; economic boundaries and sustainability of farm; transitional agriculture; Bulgaria

Governing of agro-ecosystem services - modes, efficiency, perspectives

In this study we incorporate interdisciplinary New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics (combining Economics, Organization, Law, Sociology, Behavioral and Political Sciences), and suggest a new framework for analysis of mechanisms of governance of agro-ecosystem services. The first part it discusses the modern concepts and the economics of agro-ecosystem services. After that, it presents a framework for analysis and improvement of the governance of agro-ecosystem services. This new approach takes into account: the role of the specific institutional environment; and the behavioral characteristics of individual agents; and the transaction costs associated with the various forms of governance; and the critical factors of agrarian activity and exchanges; and the comparative efficiency of market, private, public and hybrid modes; and the comparative efficiency of alternative modes for public intervention; and the complementarities between different modes and the needs for multilateral and multilevel governance; and the role of technological and ecological factors. In the second part it identifies and evaluates the efficiency of market, private and public modes of environmental governance in Bulgarian agriculture. It depth analyses is made on structures for governing agro-ecosystems services in Zapadna Stara Planina, a mountainous region in the North-West part of the country. Assessment on prospects for evolution of environmental governance in the conditions of EU CAP implementation follows. This book aims to give insights on modern understanding of environmental governance, and elaborate a holistic framework for analysis and improvement of the governance of agro-ecosystem services, and test this new approach in the transitional Bulgarian conditions. In addition, diverse (positive and negative) examples from different countries are widely used to support arguments of the author

Trade in Energy Services - GATS and India

Energy plays a vital role in the development of any economy and given its unequal distribution trade in energy, especially fossil fuels, is an important component of international trade. In the past, due to its public good characteristics, energy-related services were mostly supplied by the government. With liberalization and globalization the sector underwent significant transformation. Many new services developed and large multinationals emerged which increased global trade in energy services. Energy services is now an important component of all trade agreements. In the above context, this paper examines Indias opportunities and constraints to trade in energy services within the GATS framework. The study found that India has the capability of exporting high-skilled manpower at competitive prices but is facing various market access, discriminatory and regulatory barriers in markets of export interest. With the entry of energy producing countries such as Saudi Arabia into the WTO, the Doha negotiations provide an important platform to offensively push for liberalization in this sector. India needs foreign investment, technical know-how and international best practices in energy. The country has progressively liberalized this sector and there are no major entry barriers. However, India has not been successful in attracting large foreign investment and technology. This is due to various domestic barriers which make it difficult to set up a competitive operation. The study lists the reform measures which will help the sector become globally competitive, protect the interests of consumers and meet the energy needs of society. Since this sector is sensitive and is closely monitored by governments across the world, government-to-government collaborations would ease the entry process for Indian companies in foreign markets, diversify our energy resource base and improve energy security.GATS, Energy, trade, India & the WTO

Focused on Global Agreements and Declarations

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과, 2021.8. 이하은.Most of the commodity crops are produced by low-income countries in the Global South and consumed in the Global North. Due to their vulnerability to price fluctuation, their prices have been regulated by commodity agreements between producing and consuming countries. However, after these prices were decided through the market, price regulation was no longer included in the negotiation agenda of commodity agreements. The cocoa sector has continued its collective global efforts to address various environmental and social issues even after the issue of price regulation was addressed. This study investigated global cocoa governance through analyzing global cocoa actors, rules, and agendas through a content analysis of global agreements such as International Cocoa Agreements, World Cocoa Declarations, and Global Cocoa Farmers Declaration. The results indicated a transition in the three aforementioned aspects over time. First, the actors and agendas in the sector diversified. Starting from the 2000s, private actors emerged and actively participated in forming global cocoa agendas and suggesting solutions to cocoa-related problems. Accordingly, more varied issues other than price fluctuation are included in the agendas. Second, global cocoa rules were softened. Treaties among countries have controlled the global cocoa industry. Recently-introduced soft laws enabled diverse issues to be addressed and facilitated the participation of various actors. Third, coordination was emphasized at the international and state level. The inclusion of varied actors and agendas necessitated the alignment of efforts for improving global cocoa governance. Aiming to tackle issues through interaction among actors, rules, and agendas, global cocoa governance has been evolving in three distinct ways: diversification, flexibilization, and coordination대부분의 상품 작물은 남반구의 저소득 국가에서 생산되고 북반구에서 소비된다. 가격 변동에 취약한 상품 작물은 수급 불균형 예방과 수출국 농가의 생계유지 등에 대한 이유로 수출 수입국 사이의 상품작물 조약을 통해 가격을 조정해왔다. 그러나 시장을 통한 가격 결정이 이루어지면서 가격 조정은 주요 협상 의제에서 사라졌다. 다른 상품작물과 달리 코코아 산업은 가격 조정 이슈가 사라진 후에도 산림 벌채, 아동 노동, 농가 저소득 등과 같은 다양한 환경, 사회, 경제 문제를 해결하기 위해 조약을 통한 협상을 꾸준히 추진하는 독특한 특성을 보여준다. 본 연구는 거버넌스 프레임워크를 사용하여, 코코아 산업 내 문제를 해결하기 위해 등장한 글로벌 코코아 거버넌스 시스템을 분석하였다. 국제 코코아 협정 (International Cocoa Agreements), 세계 코코아 선언 (World Cocoa Declaration), 국제 코코아 농부 선언 (Global Cocoa Farmers Declaration) 등 국제 협약과 선언을 분석대상으로 글로벌 코코아 산업과 관련된 행위자, 규칙, 의제를 규명하고 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 글로벌 코코아 거버넌스의 세 가지 특징이 증명되었다. 첫째, 행위자와 의제가 다양화되었다. 2000년대부터 민간 부문 행위자들이 등장하여 글로벌 코코아 의제를 구성하고 코코아 관련 문제에 대한 해결책을 제시하는 데 적극적으로 참여하였다. 이에 따라 가격 변동 외에 더 다양한 이슈들이 의제에 포함되었다. 둘째, 글로벌 코코아 규칙이 유연해졌다. 법적 구속력이 강한 국가 간 조약이 글로벌 코코아 산업의 주요 규칙으로 기능함과 동시에, 최근 법적 구속력이 약한 선언을 통해 다양한 의제가 강조되기 시작했다. 이와 같은 변화는 다양한 행위자들의 참여를 독려함으로써 글로벌 코코아 거버넌스를 형성과 추진에 기여하였다. 셋째, 국제 정책과 국가 단위 정책 간 조정을 위한 노력이 시도되었다. 의제와 행위자가 다양해짐에 따라 글로벌 코코아 거버넌스의 효과성 향상을 위해 서로 다른 수준의 정책 간 조정과 조화가 더 중요해졌다. 본 연구는 글로벌 코코아 산업에서 드러나는 거버넌스 현상을 집중적으로 분석하였다는 데 의의가 있다. 글로벌 코코아 거버넌스는 세 가지 특징-다양화, 유연화, 정책 조정을 나타내며 변화해왔다. 코코아 산업은 행위자, 규칙, 의제가 상호작용하면서 글로벌 거버넌스의 전환 과정을 거치고 있다.1. Introduction 1 1.1. World Cocoa Production 2 1.2. Global commodity market 6 1.3. Research Objective 12 2. Literature Review 13 3. Theoretical Background 15 3.1. Global Governance 15 3.2. Modes of Governance 20 3.3. Treaty and Declaration 23 4. Research Design and Methodology 26 5. Results 31 5.1. Global Actors in the Cocoa Sector 31 5.2. Global rules in the Cocoa Sector 37 5.3. Global Agendas in the Cocoa Sector 39 5.3.1. Consistent Agendas in ICCA 39 5.3.2. Emerging and Withdrawn Agendas in ICCA 40 5.3.3. Agendas in International Cocoa Declarations 46 6. Discussion 51 6.1. Diversification 51 6.2. Flexibilization 62 6.3. Coordination 63 7. Conclusion 65 Reference 67 국 문 초 록 76석