Analysis of wavelet controller for robustness in electronic differential of electric vehicles: an investigation and numerical developments

In road transportation systems, differential plays an important role in preventing the vehicle from slipping on curved tracks. In practice, mechanical differentials are used, but they are bulky because of their increased weight. Moreover, they are not suitable for electric vehicles, especially those employing separate drives for both rear wheels. The electronic differential constitutes recent technological advances in electric vehicle design, enabling better stability and control of a vehicle on curved roads. This article articulates the modeling and simulation of an electronic differential employing a novel wavelet transform controller for two brushless DC motors ensuring drive in two right and left back driving wheels. Further, the proposed work uses a discrete wavelet transform controller to decompose the error between actual and command speed provided by the electronic differential based on throttle and steering angle as the input into frequency components. By scaling these frequency components by their respective gains, the obtained control signal is actually given as input to the motor. To verify the proposal, a set of designed strategies were carried out: a vehicle on a straight road, turning right and turning left. Numerical simulation test results of the controllers are presented and compared for robust performance and stability

High-frequency issues using rotating voltage injections intended for position self-sensing

The rotor position is required in many control schemes in electrical drives. Replacing position sensors by machine self-sensing estimators increases reliability and reduces cost. Solutions based on tracking magnetic anisotropies through the monitoring of the incremental inductance variations are efficient at low-speed and standstill operations. This inductance can be estimated by measuring the response to the injection of high-frequency signals. In general however, the selection of the optimal frequency is not addressed thoroughly. In this paper, we propose discrete-time operations based on a rotating voltage injection at frequencies up to one third of the sampling frequency used by the digital controller. The impact on the rotation-drive, the computational requirement, the robustness and the effect of the resistance on the position estimation are analyzed regarding the signal frequency

Characteristic of Fuzzy, ANN, and ANFIS for Brushless DC Motor Controller: An Evaluation by Dynamic Test

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are the most popular motors used by the industry because they are easy to control. BLDC motors are generally controlled by artificial controls such as Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). However, the performance of the BLDC control system in previous studies was compared separately with their respective parameters, making it difficult to evaluate comprehensively. Therefore, in order to investigate the characteristic performance of Fuzzy, ANN, and ANFIS, this article provides a comparison of these artificial controls. Two scenarios of the dynamic tests are conducted to investigate control performance under constant torque-various speed and constant speed-various torque. By dynamic testing, characteristics of Fuzzy, ANN, and ANFIS can be observed as real applications. The testing parameters are: Settling Time, Overshoot and Overdamp (in the graph and average value), and then statistic performance are: Integral Square Error (ISE), Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The test result in scenario 1 showed that the ANN has a better performance compared to other controllers with the MAE, IAE, ITAE, and ISE value of 31.3003; 105.6280; 208.0630; and 5,7289 e4, respectively. However, in scenario 2, ANN only has a better performance compared to other controllers on just a few parameters. In scenario 2, ANN is indeed able to maintain speed but it has a more ripple value than ANFIS. Even so, the ripple that occurs in ANN does not have too much value compared to the setpoint. Therefore, the MAE value of the ANN is smaller than the ANFIS (18.8937 of ANN and 28.4685 of ANFIS)

Effects of brush shift on DC motor performance

This thesis focuses on the effects of brush shifting on the performance of brushed DC motors. It begins by explaining the basic operating principles of electric machines and compares them to one another. The thesis then shows the implementation of a simulation model on Ansys Maxwell in order to validate the theory presented regarding armature reaction and demonstrates the possibilities of predicting motor characteristics via simulation. Finally the thesis presents measurements and results performed on an experimental setup to prove and validate the claim of improving motor performance using brush shifting.ObhájenoThis thesis focuses on the effects of brush shifting on the performance of brushed DC motors. It begins by explaining the basic operating principles of electric machines and compares them to one another. The thesis then shows the implementation of a simulation model on Ansys Maxwell in order to validate the theory presented regarding armature reaction and demonstrates the possibilities of predicting motor characteristics via simulation. Finally the thesis presents measurements and results performed on an experimental setup to prove and validate the claim of improving motor performance using brush shifting

Sensorless Rotor Position Estimation For Brushless DC Motors

Brushless DC motor speed is controlled by synchronizing the stator coil current with rotor position in order to acquire an accurate alignment of stator rotating field with rotor permanent-magnet field for efficient transfer of energy. In order to accomplish this goal, a motor shaft is instantly tracked by using rotating rotor position sensors such as Hall effect sensors, optical encoders or resolvers etc. Adding sensors to detect rotor position affects the overall reliability and mechanical robustness of the system. Therefore, a whole new trend of replacing position sensors with sensorless rotor position estimation techniques have a promising demand. Among the sensorless approaches, Back-EMF measurement and high frequency signal injection is the most common. Back-EMF is an electromotive force, directly proportional to the speed of rotor revolutions per second, the greater the speed motor acquires the greater the Back-EMF amplitude appears against the motion of rotation. However, the detected Back-EMF is zero at start-up and does not provide motor speed information at this instant. There-fore, Back-EMF based techniques are highly unfavourable for low speed application specially near zero. On the other hand, signal injection techniques are comparatively developed for low or near zero motor speed applications and they also can estimate the on-line motor parameters exploiting the identification theory on phase voltages and currents signals. The signal injection approach requires expensive additional hardware to inject high frequency signal. Since, motors are typically driven with pulse width modulation techniques, high frequency signals are naturally already present which can be used to detect position. This thesis presents rotor position estimation by measuring the voltage and current signals and also proposes an equivalent permanent-magnet synchronous motor model by fitting thedata to a position dependent circuit model

Sistema de Control de Motores de Corriente Directa Sin Escobillas para Prótesis Activas Mioeléctricas

A prosthesis is an artificial substitute for a missing part of the body that makes it possible to recover some degree of function of the lost limb. Prosthetics are classified as passive and active. These last ones require a driver system and a control system which are indispensable to determine if the motion a person is doing is executing effectively. In this sense, the driver system and the control system play a fundamental role in the functioning of active prosthetics when myoelectric sensors are used for their activation. The following paper presents the development of a Field Oriented Control of position for brushless direct current Motor equipped with Hall effect sensors. The system is built for a 5W EC-max 16 Ø16 mm brushless motor coupled to a GP 16 A Ø16 mm planetary reducer, together with an Arduino Uno board and a simple Field Oriented Control module. An open-loop position control system and a closed-loop position proportional-integral control system were implemented. The results indicate that closed-loop control shows a stability time, rise time, peak time and a steady state error less than the open-loop system. Also, that there is not notable hysteresis in the motor. These results will allow a more precise position control on a myoelectric prosthesis for transhumeral amputees.Una prótesis en un sustituto artificial para una parte faltante del cuerpo que permite recuperar en cierto grado la función del miembro perdido. Las prótesis se clasifican en pasivas y activas, estas últimas requieren un sistema de actuadores y sistemas de control los cuales son indispensables para determinar si el movimiento que la persona realiza es ejecutado efectivamente. En este sentido, el sistema de accionamiento y de control juegan un papel fundamental en el funcionamiento de las prótesis activas cuando se usan señales mioeléctricas para su activación. Así, en este documento se presenta el desarrollo de un sistema de control de campo orientado de posición para motores de corriente directa sin escobillas equipados con sensores de efecto Hall. El sistema está constituido por un motor de corriente directa sin escobillas EC-max 16 Ø16 mm de 5W acoplado a un reductor planetario GP 16 A Ø16 mm, una placa Arduino Uno y el módulo para el controlador de campo orientado. Se implementó un sistema de control de posición en lazo abierto y un sistema de control proporcional-integral de posición en lazo cerrado. Los resultados indican que el sistema de lazo cerrado presenta un tiempo de estabilidad, tiempo de subida, tiempo pico y error de estado estacionario menor que el sistema de lazo abierto. También se ha demostrado que no hay histéresis notable en el motor. Estos resultados permitirán realizar un control de posición más preciso sobre una prótesis mioeléctricas para personas con amputación transhumeral

Effects of brush shift on DC motor performance

This thesis focuses on the effects of brush shifting on the performance of brushed DC motors. It begins by explaining the basic operating principles of electric machines and compares them to one another. The thesis then shows the implementation of a simulation model on Ansys Maxwell in order to validate the theory presented regarding armature reaction and demonstrates the possibilities of predicting motor characteristics via simulation. Finally the thesis presents measurements and results performed on an experimental setup to prove and validate the claim of improving motor performance using brush shifting.ObhájenoThis thesis focuses on the effects of brush shifting on the performance of brushed DC motors. It begins by explaining the basic operating principles of electric machines and compares them to one another. The thesis then shows the implementation of a simulation model on Ansys Maxwell in order to validate the theory presented regarding armature reaction and demonstrates the possibilities of predicting motor characteristics via simulation. Finally the thesis presents measurements and results performed on an experimental setup to prove and validate the claim of improving motor performance using brush shifting

Design Of A Microcontroller-Based Converter For 3-Phase Brushless DC Motor Drives

Dalam aplikasi industri dan peralatan perubatan, dapat dilihat kepentingan pengawalan peralatan atau mesin dengan memantau proses keluaran dan kawalan masukan daripada komputer. In industrial application and medical devices, it can be seen that there is a need of controlling the devices or machines with observation of the output process and input control from a computer

Overview of permanent-magnet brushless drives for electric and hybrid electric vehicles

With ever-increasing concerns on our environment, there is a fast growing interest in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) from automakers, governments, and customers. As electric drives are the core of both EVs and HEVs, it is a pressing need for researchers to develop advanced electric-drive systems. In this paper, an overview of permanent-magnet (PM) brushless (BL) drives for EVs and HEVs is presented, with emphasis on machine topologies, drive operations, and control strategies. Then, three major research directions of the PM BL drive systems are elaborated, namely, the magnetic-geared outer-rotor PM BL drive system, the PM BL integrated starter-generator system, and the PM BL electric variable-transmission system. © 2008 IEEE.published_or_final_versio

Comparison of fault-tolerant operations for permanent-magnet hybrid brushless motor drive

Paper No. CS-06The permanent-magnet hybrid brushless (PMHB) motor adopts both DC field windings and PMs for excitation. It not only offers effective online flux control, but also flexible brushless DC (BLDC) or brushless AC (BLAC) operations. The key of this paper is to investigate two remedial strategies for fault-tolerant operations of the PMHB motor drive under open-circuit faults. First, by utilizing field excitation boosting, the reduced torque due to one phase loss can be remedied, the so-called remedial BLDC operation mode. Second, by reconstructing armature fields due to the healthy phase currents, the reduced torque can also be remedied, the so-called remedial BLAC operation mode. Finally, these two remedial operation modes are compared and verified by experimentation, hence confirming the validity of the proposed fault-tolerant PMHB motor drive. © 2006 IEEE.published_or_final_versionThe 11th Joint Magnetism and Magnetic Materials - INTERMAG Conference, Washington, DC., 17-21 January 2010. In IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2010, v. 46 n. 6, p. 1378-138