22 research outputs found
What is the type-1/type-2 distinction?
Clark & Thornton's type-1/2 distinction is not well-defined. The classes of type-1 and type-2 problems are too broad: many noncomputable functions are type-1 and type-2 learnable. They are also too narrow: trivial functions, such as identity, are neither type-1 nor type-2 learnable. Moreover, the scope of type-1 and type-2 problems appears to be equivalent. Overall, this distinction does not appear useful for machine learning or cognitive science
Chomskyan (R)evolutions
It is not unusual for contemporary linguists to claim that “Modern Linguistics began in 1957” (with the publication of Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures). Some of the essays in Chomskyan (R)evolutions examine the sources, the nature and the extent of the theoretical changes Chomsky introduced in the 1950s. Other contributions explore the key concepts and disciplinary alliances that have evolved considerably over the past sixty years, such as the meanings given for “Universal Grammar”, the relationship of Chomskyan linguistics to other disciplines (Cognitive Science, Psychology, Evolutionary Biology), and the interactions between mainstream Chomskyan linguistics and other linguistic theories active in the late 20th century: Functionalism, Generative Semantics and Relational Grammar. The broad understanding of the recent history of linguistics points the way towards new directions and methods that linguistics can pursue in the future
The Nurture of Nature: Biology, Psychology and Culture
In this thesis I explore what consequences taking development seriously in evolutionary considerations will have for how we understand the evolution of psychology and culture. I first explicate the relationship between development and evolution that informs a number of approaches to evolution, including neo-Darwinian evolutionary biology and evolutionary developmental biology. I argue that, to a greater or lesser extent, developmental processes have been misconstrued in these accounts and that the full role of development, from an evolutionary point of view, has not always been acknowledged. Instead, I suggest that a better model of the relationship between development and evolution can be found in developmental systems theory.
I explore the neo-Darwinian underpinnings of a number of accounts of the evolution of culture and psychology, including the branch of evolutionary psychology associated with the work of, among others, John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, and the gene-culture co-evolutionary account of Peter Richerson and Robert Boyd. I argue that as well as being vulnerable to the same sorts of problems that plague neo-Darwinian evolutionary biology, they face other difficulties. These accounts suppose an internalist model of the mind, and this model is neither justified nor useful. The extended mind hypothesis offers a different model of the mind whereby cognitive processes can be partially constituted by structures in the environment. I sketch an alternative account of what the evolution of human psychology and culture by combining a developmental systems approach to evolution and development with the extended mind hypothesis. This will result in a very different understanding of the relationship between biology, psychology and culture
Collective intelligence: creating a prosperous world at peace
XXXII, 612 p. ; 24 cmLibro ElectrĂłnicoEn este documento se plantea un tema de interes general mas como lo es especificamente el tema de la evolucion de la sociedad en materia de industria y crecimiento de las actividades humanas en el aspecto de desarrollo de la creatividad enfocada a los mercadosedited by Mark Tovey ; foreword by Yochai Benkler (re-mixed by Hassan Masum) ; prefaces by Thomas Malone, Tom Atlee & Pierre Levy ; afterword by Paul Martin & Thomas Homer-Dixon.The era of collective intelligence has begun in earnest. While others have written about the wisdom of crowds, an army of Davids, and smart mobs, this collection of essays for the first time brings together fifty-five pioneers in the emerging discipline of collective intelligence. They provide a base of tools for connecting people, producing high-functioning teams, collaborating at multiple scales, and encouraging effective peer-production. Emerging models are explored for digital deliberative democracy, self-governance, legislative transparency, true-cost accounting, and the ethical use of open sources and methods. Collective Intelligence is the first of a series of six books, which will also include volumes on Peace Intelligence, Commercial Intelligence, Gift Intelligence, Cultural Intelligence, and Global Intelligence.Table of Contents
Dedication i
Publisher’s Preface iii
Foreword by Yochai Benkler Remix Hassan Masum xi
The Wealth of Networks: Highlights remixed
Editor’s Preface xxi
Table of Contents xxv
A What is collective intelligence and what will we do 1
about it? (Thomas W. Malone, MIT Center for
Collective Intelligence)
B Co-Intelligence, collective intelligence, and conscious 5
evolution (Tom Atlee, Co-Intelligence Institute)
C A metalanguage for computer augmented collective 15
intelligence (Prof. Pierre LĂ©vy, Canada Research
Chair in Collective Intelligence, FRSC)
I INDIVIDUALS & GROUPS I-01 Foresight I-01-01 Safety Glass (Karl Schroeder, science fiction author 23
and foresight consultant)
I-01-02 2007 State of the Future (Jerome C. Glenn & 29
Theodore J. Gordon, United Nations Millennium
Project)
I-02 Dialogue & Deliberation I-02-01 Thinking together without ego: Collective intelligence 39
as an evolutionary catalyst (Craig Hamilton and Claire
Zammit, Collective-Intelligence.US)
I-02-02 The World Café: Awakening collective intelligence 47
and committed action (Juanita Brown, David Isaacs
and the World Café Community)
I-02-03 Collective intelligence and the emergence of 55
wholeness (Peggy Holman, Nexus for Change, The
Change Handbook)
I-02-04 Knowledge creation in collective intelligence (Bruce 65
LaDuke, Fortune 500, HyperAdvance.com)
I-02-05 The Circle Organization: Structuring for collective 75
wisdom (Jim Rough, Dynamic Facilitation & The
Center for Wise Democracy)
I-03 Civic Intelligence I-03-01 Civic intelligence and the public sphere (Douglas 83
Schuler, Evergreen State College, Public Sphere
Project)
I-03-02 Civic intelligence and the security of the homeland 95
(John Kesler with Carole and David Schwinn,
IngeniusOnline)
I-03-03 Creating a Smart Nation (Robert Steele, OSS.Net) 107
I-03-04 University 2.0: Informing our collective intelligence 131
(Nancy Glock-Grueneich, HIGHEREdge.org)
I-03-05 Producing communities of communications and 145
foreknowledge (Jason “JZ” Liszkiewicz,
Reconfigure.org)
I-03-06 Global Vitality Report 2025: Learning to transform I-04 Electronic Communities & Distributed Cognition I-04-01 Attentional capital and the ecology of online social 163
conflict and think together effectively (Peter+Trudy networks (Derek Lomas, Social Movement Lab,
Johnson-Lenz, Johnson-Lenz.com ) UCSD)
I-04-02 A slice of life in my virtual community (Howard 173
Rheingold, Whole Earth Review, Author & Educator)
I-04-03 Shared imagination (Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart, 197
Bootstrap)
I-05 Privacy & Openness I-05-01 We’re all swimming in media: End-users must be able 201
to keep secrets (Mitch Ratcliffe, BuzzLogic &
Tetriad)
I-05-02 Working openly (Lion Kimbro, Programmer and 205
Activist)
I-06 Integral Approaches & Global Contexts I-06-01 Meta-intelligence for analyses, decisions, policy, and 213
action: The Integral Process for working on complex
issues (Sara Nora Ross, Ph.D. ARINA & Integral
Review)
I-06-02 Collective intelligence: From pyramidal to global 225
(Jean-Francois Noubel, The Transitioner)
I-06-03 Cultivating collective intelligence: A core leadership 235
competence in a complex world (George PĂłr, Fellow
at Universiteit van Amsterdam)
II LARGE-SCALE COLLABORATION II-01 Altruism, Group IQ, and Adaptation II-01-01 Empowering individuals towards collective online 245
production (Keith Hopper, KeithHopper.com)
II-01-02 Who’s smarter: chimps, baboons or bacteria? The 251
power of Group IQ (Howard Bloom, author)
II-01-03 A collectively generated model of the world (Marko 261
A. Rodriguez, Los Alamos National Laboratory)
II-02 Crowd Wisdom and Cognitive Bias II-02-01 Science of CI: Resources for change (Norman L 265
Johnson, Chief Scientist at Referentia Systems, former
LANL)
II-02-02 Collectively intelligent systems (Jennifer H. Watkins, 275
Los Alamos National Laboratory)
II-02-03 A contrarian view (Jaron Lanier, scholar-in-residence, 279
CET, UC Berkeley & Discover Magazine)
II-03 Semantic Structures & The Semantic Web II-03-01 Information Economy Meta Language (Interview with 283
Professor Pierre LĂ©vy, by George PĂłr)
II-03-02 Harnessing the collective intelligence of the World- 293
Wide Web (Nova Spivack, RadarNetworks, Web 3.0)
II-03-03 The emergence of a global brain (Francis Heylighen, 305
Free University of Brussels)
II-04 Information Networks II-04-01 Networking and mobilizing collective intelligence (G.
Parker Rossman, Future of Learning Pioneer)
II-04-02 Toward high-performance organizations: A strategic 333
role for Groupware (Douglas C. Engelbart, Bootstrap)
II-04-03 Search panacea or ploy: Can collective intelligence 375
improve findability? (Stephen E. Arnold, Arnold IT,
Inc.)
II-05 Global Games, Local Economies, & WISER II-05-01 World Brain as EarthGame (Robert Steele and many 389
others, Earth Intelligence Network)
II-05-02 The Interra Project (Jon Ramer and many others) 399
II-05-03 From corporate responsibility to Backstory 409
Management (Alex Steffen, Executive Editor,
Worldchanging.com)
II-05-04 World Index of Environmental & Social 413
Responsibility (WISER)
By the Natural Capital Institute
II-06 Peer-Production & Open Source Hardware II-06-01 The Makers’ Bill of Rights (Jalopy, Torrone, and Hill) 421
II-06-02 3D Printing and open source design (James Duncan, 423
VP of Technology at Marketingisland)
II-06-03 REBEARTHTM: 425
II-07 Free Wireless, Open Spectrum, and Peer-to-Peer II-07-01 Montréal Community Wi-Fi (Île Sans Fil) (Interview 433
with Michael Lenczner by Mark Tovey)
II-07-02 The power of the peer-to-peer future (Jock Gill, 441
Founder, Penfield Gill Inc.)
Growing a world 6.6 billion people
would want to live in (Marc Stamos, B-Comm, LL.B)
II-07-03 Open spectrum (David Weinberger)
II-08 Mass Collaboration & Large-Scale Argumentation II-08-01 Mass collaboration, open source, and social 455
entrepreneurship (Mark Tovey, Advanced Cognitive
Engineering Lab, Institute of Cognitive Science,
Carleton University)
II-08-02 Interview with Thomas Homer-Dixon (Hassan 467
Masum, McLaughlin-Rotman Center for Global
Health)
II-08-03 Achieving collective intelligence via large-scale
argumentation (Mark Klein, MIT Center for
Collective Intelligence)
II-08-04 Scaling up open problem solving (Hassan Masum & 485
Mark Tovey)
D Afterword: The Internet and the revitalization of 495
democracy (The Rt. Honourable Paul Martin &
Thomas Homer-Dixon)
E Epilogue by Tom Atlee 513
F Three Lists 515
1. Strategic Reading Categories
2. Synopsis of the New Progressives
3. Fifty-Two Questions that Matter
G Glossary 519
H Index 52
The constitution of transgender masculinities through performance: a study of theatre and the everyday.
PhDThis doctoral project is concerned with gender and the way that transgender
masculinities are manifested, articulated and debated through drama, theatre and
performance. The central question of the research is how `performance' contributes to
the process of constituting individual identities and communities, specifically
transgender masculinities. The research engages with the multiple ways that the
concepts or categories of the individual, of community and of performance are defined,
and how they function and are experienced when transgender identities or transgender
masculinities are central to a `performance event'.
The particular individuals and groups of transgender-identified people, or people who
might be described in relation to a trans framework of identity, are those for whom
gender is not a fixed state rooted in a binary system, but a state that can be bent, moved
or made malleable in order to fit according to individual need. The individuals and
groups on whom I focus tend to have had their sex assigned female at birth and at some
point in their lives have identified themselves as male rather than female. There are also
individuals who do not self-identify as male but refute gender categorisation, thereby not
identifying as female either. Moreover, there are people who still self-identify as female
but have developed or produced markers of masculinity on their body that have a
significant impact on their day-to-day living and in their performance work. In this
thesis I will be referring to this range of varied identities as transgender masculinities.
This research will be of relevance to contemporary theatre scholars, particularly those
with an interest in the creation of avant-garde and community-generated practices. The
research will also be of use to those interested in queer and non-normative identities as
manifested through drama, theatre and performance, whether this is by solo artists or
within project work with groups of people who identify as transgender, genderqueer or
have an otherwise complex relationship to gender
A framework for analyzing changes in health care lexicons and nomenclatures
Ontologies play a crucial role in current web-based biomedical applications for capturing contextual knowledge in the domain of life sciences. Many of the so-called bio-ontologies and controlled vocabularies are known to be seriously defective from both terminological and ontological perspectives, and do not sufficiently comply with the standards to be considered formai ontologies. Therefore, they are continuously evolving in order to fix the problems and provide valid knowledge. Moreover, many problems in ontology evolution often originate from incomplete knowledge about the given domain. As our knowledge improves, the related definitions in the ontologies will be altered. This problem is inadequately addressed by available tools and algorithms, mostly due to the lack of suitable knowledge representation formalisms to deal with temporal abstract notations, and the overreliance on human factors. Also most of the current approaches have been focused on changes within the internal structure of ontologies, and interactions with other existing ontologies have been widely neglected. In this research, alter revealing and classifying some of the common alterations in a number of popular biomedical ontologies, we present a novel agent-based framework, RLR (Represent, Legitimate, and Reproduce), to semi-automatically manage the evolution of bio-ontologies, with emphasis on the FungalWeb Ontology, with minimal human intervention. RLR assists and guides ontology engineers through the change management process in general, and aids in tracking and representing the changes, particularly through the use of category theory. Category theory has been used as a mathematical vehicle for modeling changes in ontologies and representing agents' interactions, independent of any specific choice of ontology language or particular implementation. We have also employed rule-based hierarchical graph transformation techniques to propose a more specific semantics for analyzing ontological changes and transformations between different versions of an ontology, as well as tracking the effects of a change in different levels of abstractions. Thus, the RLR framework enables one to manage changes in ontologies, not as standalone artifacts in isolation, but in contact with other ontologies in an openly distributed semantic web environment. The emphasis upon the generality and abstractness makes RLR more feasible in the multi-disciplinary domain of biomedical Ontology change management
Evolutionary tree design: An exploratory study of the influence of linear versus branching format on visitors' interpretation and understanding across age groups
This exploratory study sought to investigate the influence of tree graphic design--specifically linear versus branching depictions of taxa--on visitors in three different age groups (aged 11-13, 14-18, adults) interpretation and understanding using a multiple-case study strategy. The findings from this research indicate that linear and branched depictions elicit qualitatively different narratives and explanations about the relationships between the taxa in all age groups. Branched tree graphics support scientifically appropriate explanations of evolutionary relationships, i.e. that taxa are related via shared or common ancestry; while linear representations reinforce intuitive interpretations of ancestor-descendant or anagenic relationships. Furthermore, differences in the language used for linear and branched trees suggests that there is a spectrum within an analogy of developmental change that is thought to serve as a transitional concept between intuitive and scientific understanding--with `evolved from' for branched depictions of taxa representing a shift towards an interpretation of shared ancestry rather than an individual transformation from one thing into another. In addition, branched graphics appear to support the correct reading and interpretation of shared or common ancestry in tree diagrams. Mixed reasoning was common and overall reasoning patterns were broadly similar among participants in all age groups, however, older youth (aged 14 to 18) and adults often provided more detail in their explanations and sometimes included references to evolutionary ideas such as variation, inheritance and selection