682 research outputs found
Punctuation effects in English and Esperanto texts
A statistical physics study of punctuation effects on sentence lengths is
presented for written texts: {\it Alice in wonderland} and {\it Through a
looking glass}. The translation of the first text into esperanto is also
considered as a test for the role of punctuation in defining a style, and for
contrasting natural and artificial, but written, languages. Several log-log
plots of the sentence length-rank relationship are presented for the major
punctuation marks. Different power laws are observed with characteristic
exponents. The exponent can take a value much less than unity ( 0.50 or
0.30) depending on how a sentence is defined. The texts are also mapped into
time series based on the word frequencies. The quantitative differences between
the original and translated texts are very minutes, at the exponent level. It
is argued that sentences seem to be more reliable than word distributions in
discussing an author style.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures (3x2+1), 60 reference
The design and implementation of a fourth generation programming language
IV is a very high level language designed for use in a real time production control environment. While most fourth generation languages are intended for use by end users, IV is more suitable for skilled professional programmers. One of the major design objectives of IV is a dramatic improvement in programmer efficiency during application program development. Non-procedural constructs provided by the language and the use of a number of interactive development tools provide an environment for achieving this goal. This report presents a language proposal for IV, and addresses related design and implementation issues
A methodology for producing reliable software, volume 1
An investigation into the areas having an impact on producing reliable software including automated verification tools, software modeling, testing techniques, structured programming, and management techniques is presented. This final report contains the results of this investigation, analysis of each technique, and the definition of a methodology for producing reliable software
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A software classification scheme
Reusing code is one approach to software reusability. Code is the end product of the software lifecycle. It is delivered in a low level representation that is difficult to reuse unless an almost perfect match exists between available features and required specifications. There is a need to organize large inventories of software such that reusable code is easy to locate and exchange. The relative success in the reuse of code fragments reported by some software factories is due in part to their capacity to encapsulate domain specific functions and create specialized libraries of components classified by these locally standardized functions.A general software classification scheme that organizes reusability related attributes and common functions from different domains is proposed as a partial solution to the software reusability problem. For the problem of selecting from similar, potentially reusable. components, a partial solution based on evaluation of common characteristics is also proposed. A library system is presented that integrates the proposed classification scheme with an evaluation mechanism based on inherent component attributes, programming languages characteristics and reuser experience.The fundamental contribution of this dissertation is a formal treatment of a faceted scheme for software classification leading to better understanding of reusability at the code level. This approach has been prototyped in a library system for the semi-automatic classification of software components. Analysis were performed to evaluate the classification scheme. The results show the potential of the scheme in organizing collections of code fragments, in improving retrieval, and in simplifying the classification process. Tests of the evaluation mechanism showed positive correlation with evaluations conducted by potential reusers
Equilibrium (Zipf) and Dynamic (Grasseberg-Procaccia) method based analyses of human texts. A comparison of natural (english) and artificial (esperanto) languages
A comparison of two english texts from Lewis Carroll, one (Alice in
wonderland), also translated into esperanto, the other (Through a looking
glass) are discussed in order to observe whether natural and artificial
languages significantly differ from each other. One dimensional time series
like signals are constructed using only word frequencies (FTS) or word lengths
(LTS). The data is studied through (i) a Zipf method for sorting out
correlations in the FTS and (ii) a Grassberger-Procaccia (GP) technique based
method for finding correlations in LTS. Features are compared : different power
laws are observed with characteristic exponents for the ranking properties, and
the {\it phase space attractor dimensionality}. The Zipf exponent can take
values much less than unity ( 0.50 or 0.30) depending on how a sentence is
defined. This non-universality is conjectured to be a measure of the author
. Moreover the attractor dimension is a simple function of the so
called phase space dimension , i.e., , with . Such an exponent should also conjecture to be a measure of the author
. However, even though there are quantitative differences between
the original english text and its esperanto translation, the qualitative
differences are very minutes, indicating in this case a translation relatively
well respecting, along our analysis lines, the content of the author writing.Comment: 22 pages, 87 references, 5 tables, 8 figure
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