A Review: Circuit Theory of Microstrip Antennas for Dual-, Multi-, and Ultra-Widebands

In this chapter, a review has been presented on dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband (UWB). This review has been classified according to antenna feeding and loading of antennas using slots and notch and coplanar structure. Thereafter a comparison of dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband antenna has been presented. The basic geometry of patch antenna has been present along with its equivalent circuit diagram. It has been observed that patch antenna geometry for ultra-wideband is difficult to achieve with normal structure. Ultra-wideband antennas are achieved with two or more techniques; mostly UWB antennas are achieved from coplaner structures

Offset Aperture-Coupled Double-Cylinder Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Extended Wideband

YesA compact dielectric resonator antenna for ultra-wideband vehicular communication applications is proposed. Two cylindrical dielectric resonators are asymmetrically located with respect to the center of an offset rectangular coupling aperture, through which they are fed. Optimizing the design parameters results in an impedance bandwidth of 21%, covering the range from 5.9 to 7.32 GHz in the lower-band and a 53% relative bandwidth from 8.72 to 15 GHz in the upper-band. The maximum achieved gain is 12 dBi. Design details of the proposed antenna and the results of both simulations and experiment are presented and discussed

Novel and Compact Reconfigurable Antennas for Future Wireless Applications

PhDThe development of reconfigurable antennas is considered to be very promising in modern and future communication systems. Reconfigurable antennas have made use of many reconfiguration techniques that are centred upon switching mechanisms such as p-i-n diodes or MEMS. Other techniques such as optical switches, mechanical structure changing or the ability to change the permeability or permittivity of smart substrate materials have also been used. Reconfigurable antennas have created new horizons for many types of applications especially in Cognitive Radio, Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems, personal communication systems, satellites and many other applications. Cognitive Radio is one of the potential wireless applications that may place severe demands on RF systems designers and particularly antenna designers, when it comes to providing exible radio front-ends capable of achieving the set objectives of the technology. The aim of this work is to investigate possible roles that different categories of reconfigurable antenna can play in cognitive and smart radio. Hence, the research described in this thesis focuses on investigating some novel methods to frequency-reconfigure compact ultra-wideband antennas to work in different bands; this will offer additional filtering to the radio front-end. In the ultra-wideband mode, the antenna senses the spectrum for available bands with less congestion and interference and hence decides on the most suitable part to be reconfigured to, allowing reliable and efficient communication links between the radio devices. Ultra-wideband antenna with reconfigurable integrated notch capability is also demonstrated to provide further enhancement to interference rejection and improve the overall communication link. Furthermore, the design of novel pattern and polarisation reconfigurable antennas will be also investigated to assist Cognitive Radio through spatial rather than frequency means. An ultimate target for this research is to combine different degrees of reconfiguration into one compact, state of the art antenna design that meets the growing demand of cognitive and smart radio devices for more intelligent and multi-functional wireless devices within the personal area network domains and beyond

A Review on Antenna Technologies for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer: Designs, Challenges and Applications

Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) and wireless power transmission (WPT) are two emerging alternative energy technologies that have the potential to offer wireless energy delivery in the future. One of the key components of RFEH or WPT system is the receiving antenna. The receiving antenna's performance has a considerable impact on the power delivery capability of an RFEH or WPT system. This paper provides a well-rounded review of recent advancements of receiving antennas for RFEH and WPT. Antennas discussed in this paper are categorized as low-profile antennas, multi-band antennas, circularly polarized antennas, and array antennas. A number of contemporary antennas from each category are presented, compared, and discussed with particular emphasis on design approach and performance. Current design and fabrication challenges, future development, open research issues of the antennas and visions for RFEH and WPT are also discussed in this review

Recent Advances in Antenna Design for 5G Heterogeneous Networks

The aim of this book is to highlight up to date exploited technologies and approaches in terms of antenna designs and requirements. In this regard, this book targets a broad range of subjects, including the microstrip antenna and the dipole and printed monopole antenna. The varieties of antenna designs, along with several different approaches to improve their overall performance, have given this book a great value, in which makes this book is deemed as a good reference for practicing engineers and under/postgraduate students working in this field. The key technology trends in antenna design as part of the mobile communication evolution have mainly focused on multiband, wideband, and MIMO antennas, and all have been clearly presented, studied and implemented within this book. The forthcoming 5G systems consider a truly mobile multimedia platform that constitutes a converged networking arena that not only includes legacy heterogeneous mobile networks but advanced radio interfaces and the possibility to operate at mm wave frequencies to capitalize on the large swathes of available bandwidth. This provides the impetus for a new breed of antenna design that, in principle, should be multimode in nature, energy efficient, and, above all, able to operate at the mm wave band, placing new design drivers on the antenna design. Thus, this book proposes to investigate advanced 5G antennas for heterogeneous applications that can operate in the range of 5G spectrums and to meet the essential requirements of 5G systems such as low latency, large bandwidth, and high gains and efficiencies

Analysis and Design of a Substrate Integrated Waveguide Multi-Coupled Resonator Diplexer

A microwave diplexer achieved by coupling a section of a dual-band bandpass filter onto a section of two single-bands (i.e. transmit and receive) bandpass filters is presented. This design eliminates the need for employing external non-resonant junctions in diplexer design, as opposed to the conventional design approach which requires separate non-resonant junctions for energy distribution. The use of separate non-resonant junctions in diplexer design increases the design complexity, as well as gives rise to bulky diplexer devices. The proposed design also removes the too much reliance on the evaluation of suitable characteristic polynomials to achieve a diplexer. Though the evaluation of complex polynomials to achieve a diplexer is seen as a viable option, the technique is hugely dependent on optimisations which come with loads of uncertainties. This thesis relies on well-established design formulations to increase design reliability, as well as simplicity. A 10-pole (10ᵗʰ order) microwave diplexer circuit has been successfully designed, simulated, manufactured and measured. The measured results have been used to validate the circuit model and the electromagnetic (EM) simulated results. The diplexer is composed of 2 poles from a dual-band bandpass filter, 4 poles from a transmit bandpass filter and the remaining 4 poles from a receive bandpass filter. The design was initially implemented using asynchronously tuned microstrip square open-loop resonators. The EM simulation and the measurement results of the microstrip diplexer were presented and show good agreement with the proposed design theory. The design was also implemented using the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique and results presented and discussed. In comparison to the results achieved with the microstrip diplexer, the EM simulation and the measurement results realised with the SIW diplexer, show that a slightly better insertion loss was attained across both the transmit and the receive channels, respectively

1-D broadside-radiating leaky-wave antenna based on a numerically synthesized impedance surface

A newly-developed deterministic numerical technique for the automated design of metasurface antennas is applied here for the first time to the design of a 1-D printed Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA) for broadside radiation. The surface impedance synthesis process does not require any a priori knowledge on the impedance pattern, and starts from a mask constraint on the desired far-field and practical bounds on the unit cell impedance values. The designed reactance surface for broadside radiation exhibits a non conventional patterning; this highlights the merit of using an automated design process for a design well known to be challenging for analytical methods. The antenna is physically implemented with an array of metal strips with varying gap widths and simulation results show very good agreement with the predicted performance

Beam scanning by liquid-crystal biasing in a modified SIW structure

A fixed-frequency beam-scanning 1D antenna based on Liquid Crystals (LCs) is designed for application in 2D scanning with lateral alignment. The 2D array environment imposes full decoupling of adjacent 1D antennas, which often conflicts with the LC requirement of DC biasing: the proposed design accommodates both. The LC medium is placed inside a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) modified to work as a Groove Gap Waveguide, with radiating slots etched on the upper broad wall, that radiates as a Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA). This allows effective application of the DC bias voltage needed for tuning the LCs. At the same time, the RF field remains laterally confined, enabling the possibility to lay several antennas in parallel and achieve 2D beam scanning. The design is validated by simulation employing the actual properties of a commercial LC medium

Applications of Antenna Technology in Sensors

During the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and to our ways of living. Emerging applications have opened u[ new routes and set new trends for antenna sensors. With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), the adaptation of antenna technologies for sensor and sensing applications has become more important. Now, the antennas must be reconfigurable, flexible, low profile, and low-cost, for applications from airborne and vehicles, to machine-to-machine, IoT, 5G, etc. This reprint aims to introduce and treat a series of advanced and emerging topics in the field of antenna sensors

Molecular phylogeny of horseshoe crab using mitochondrial Cox1 gene as a benchmark sequence

An effort to assess the utility of 650 bp Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (DNA barcode) gene in delineating the members horseshoe crabs (Family: xiphosura) with closely related sister taxa was made. A total of 33 sequences were extracted from National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI) which include horseshoe crabs, beetles, common crabs and scorpion sequences. Constructed phylogram showed beetles are closely related with horseshoe crabs than common crabs. Scorpion spp were distantly related to xiphosurans. Phylogram and observed genetic distance (GD) date were also revealed that Limulus polyphemus was closely related with Tachypleus tridentatus than with T.gigas. Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda was distantly related with L.polyphemus. The observed mean Genetic Distance (GD) value was higher in 3rd codon position in all the selected group of organisms. Among the horseshoe crabs high GC content was observed in L.polyphemus (38.32%) and lowest was observed in T.tridentatus (32.35%). We conclude that COI sequencing (barcoding) could be used in identifying and delineating evolutionary relatedness with closely related specie