Britain’s Right to Roam: Redefining the Landowner's Bundle of Sticks

Jerry L. Anderson is the Richard M. and Anita Calkins Professor of Law, Drake University Law School in Des Moines, Iowa.Britain recently enacted a “right to roam” in the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (CRoW) 2000. At first glance, CRoW appears to be a dramatic curtailment of the landowner’s traditional right to exclude; it opens up all private land classified as “mountain, moor, heath, or down” to the public for hiking and picnicking. Yet, when viewed in the light of history, CRoW may be seen as partially restoring to the commoner rights lost during the enclosure period, when the commons system ended. CRoW also represents a return to a functional rather than spatial form of land ownership, allowing more than one party to have rights in a particular piece of land. The new law highlights some important public values regarding freedom of access that have been all but forgotten in the United States. The law calls into question U.S. Supreme Court precedent that has enshrined the right to exclude as an “essential” stick in the bundle of property rights and serves as a powerful alternative to the Court’s formalistic notion of property rights. Given the differences in its history, culture, and legal system, the United States is unlikely to follow Britain’s lead in enacting a right to roam; nevertheless, the study of CRoW contains valuable lessons for Americans.The author wishes to thank the anonymous donor of the Drake International Research Stipend who generously enabled this research

Network intrusion detection with sensor fusion : performance bounds and benchmarks

Abstract: The achievable performances of intrusion detection systems are unknown beforehand. Currently, intrusion detection researchers implement these systems before they can determine what the performances of their systems will be or compare the performance of their systems to existing systems in order to evaluate the performances of their systems . Another challenge of network researchers is the unavailability of real world traffic traces of network activities due to privacy and legal restrictions. This Thesis contributes to the literature by 1. presenting the achievable performances of the existing anomaly and learning based network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) in detecting the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) synchronised (SYN) flooding attacks. Two anomaly based algorithms, adaptive threshold and cumulative sum based algorithms were considered in building the anomaly based NIDSs. The logic OR operator was used to combine the outcomes of the two anomaly based algorithms to enhance their performance. The three algorithms were used to detect TCP SYN flooding attacks that were synthetically generated according to a Poisson process and constant interarrival times. The logic OR operator performed better than the two algorithms. The three algorithms detected the Poisson process attacks better than the constant interarrival times attacks. For the learning based NIDSs, the decision tree and a novel fuzzy logic based NIDSs were used to detect Neptune, which is a type of a TCP SYN flooding attack. The decision tree outperformed the fuzzy logic system. 2. providing the achievable upper bounds on the accuracies of two ensembles of classifiers based NIDSs. The first NIDS is an AdaBoost based ensemble that uses decision stamp as a base learner. The second NIDS is a Bagging based ensemble that uses a decision tree as a base learner. The obtained bounds will enable researchers to estimate the performance of their ensemble based NIDSs before they implement them and determine how well their ensemble based NIDSs are performing relative to these bounds. From the empirical studies, it was deduced that if the dataset entropy with respect to the features falls between 0.9578 to 0.9586 and the average information gain amongst the features used in the ensemble falls between 0.045615 and 0.25615 then the accuracy of the first NIDS will be at most 0.9065 and the accuracy of the second NIDS will be at best 0.9193. These obtained ensemble accuracy upper bounds hold irrespective of the attack or dataset provided that the features used in the ensemble (AdaBoosted decision stump ensemble or Bagged decision tree ensemble) have the same characteristics as the features used in this Thesis and the features are discretised in the same way as in this work...D.Phil

The Right to Roam

In 2000, Britain enacted a “right to roam” in the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (CRoW). At first glance, CRoW appears to be a dramatic curtailment of the landowner’s traditional right to exclude: it opens up all private land classified as “mountain, moor, heath, or down” to the public for hiking and picnicking. Yet, when viewed in the light of history, CRoW may be seen as partially restoring to the commoner rights lost during the enclosure period, when the commons system ended. CRoW also represents a return to a functional rather than spatial form of land ownership, allowing more than one party to have rights in a particular piece of land. The new law highlights some important public values regarding freedom of access that have been all but for forgotten in the United States. The law calls into question U.S. Supreme Court precedent that has enshrined the right to exclude as an “essential” stick in the bundle of property rights and serves as a powerful alternative to the Court’s formalistic notion of property rights. Although, given the differences in our history, culture, and legal systems, the United States is unlikely to follow Britain’s lead in enacting a right to roam, the study of CRoW contains valuable lessons for Americans

Domestic tourism of the urban Bengalis: A shared observation of the culture

The research reported in this paper attempts to give an overview of the culture concerning domestic tourism of the urban Bengalis, the linguistically distinct people of India. The urban Bengalis, especially the people of Kolkata metropolis are, since colonial period, one of the largest sections of the tourists in India. This paper is an exploration of relationship between the significant Bengali representations of travel and the contemporary preferences of urban Bengali domestic tourists. With that objective, the authors, being Bengali themselves, tried to encompass and analyse all the significantly popular Bengali representation in literature, films and other agencies centred on tourism and also the real experience of the purposively selected one hundred contemporary tourists from Bengali families living in Kolkata metropolis. The former is seen to prevail as the backdrop of the later, though the later is undergoing some shifts from the former vision. The observation shows that the decision-making for the domestic tours of the Bengalis depends on the locally understood criteria of preferences and the specific operation of the criteria as actively selected by the tourists. A current account of preferences of the informants is given in order to focus on the present trends of preferred domestic tours. The approach of the work ultimately explores the repertoire of the varied, but changing cultural motivation and representation of the tourists, the continuity and change in the trends of domestic tours of the Bengalis, and other relevant issues of the local internal tourism

Mirror - Vol. 20, No. 19 - April 18, 1996

The Mirror (sometimes called the Fairfield Mirror) is the official student newspaper of Fairfield University, and is published weekly during the academic year (September - May). It runs from 1977 - the present; current issues are available online.https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/archives-mirror/1438/thumbnail.jp

What happened in the sixties?

In general history and popular culture, the long 1960s, a period roughly beginning in the mid-1950s and ending in the mid-1970s, has been held to be a period of change. This paper offers a model which captures something of the long 1960s as a period of ‘sea change’ resulting from the interference of three waves. Wave One was an institutional dynamic that drew out experts from closed and hidden disagreement into situations where expert dis- agreement was open to public scrutiny. Wave One also accounts for the multiplication of experts. Wave Two consisted of social movements, institutions and audiences that could carry public scrutiny and provide a home for sea-change cultures. In particular, Wave Two provided the stage, audience and agents to orchestrate a play of disagreeing experts. Wave Three was marked by an orientation towards the self, in diverse ways. Modern science studies is a phenomenon of Wave Three. All three waves must be understood in the context of the un- folding Cold War

Wandering as a sociomaterial practice : extending the theorization of GPS tracking in cognitive impairment

Electronic tracking through global positioning systems (GPSs) is used to monitor people with cognitive impairment who “wander” outside the home. This ethnographic study explored how GPS-monitored wandering was experienced by individuals, lay carers, and professional staff. Seven in-depth case studies revealed that wandering was often an enjoyable and worthwhile activity and helped deal with uncertainty and threats to identity. In what were typically very complex care contexts, GPS devices were useful to the extent that they aligned with a wider sociomaterial care network that included lay carers, call centers, and health and social care professionals. In this context, “safe” wandering was a collaborative accomplishment that depended on the technology’s materiality, affordances, and aesthetic properties; a distributed knowledge of the individual and the places they wandered through, and a collective and dynamic interpretation of risk. Implications for design and delivery of GPS devices and services for cognitive impairment are discussed