75 research outputs found

    Nonlinear self-tuning control for power oscillation damping

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    Power systems exhibit nonlinear behavior especially during disturbances, necessitating the application of appropriate nonlinear control techniques. Lack of availability of accurate and updated models for the whole power system adds to the challenge. Conventional damping control design approaches consider a single operating condition of the system, which are obviously simple but tend to lack performance robustness. Objective of this research work is to design a measurement based self-tuning controller, which does not rely on accurate models and deals with nonlinearities in system response. Designed controller is required to ensure settling of inter-area oscillations within 10−12s, following disturbance such as a line outage. The neural network (NN) model is illustrated for the representation of nonlinear power systems. An optimization based algorithm, Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), for online estimation of power system dynamic behavior is proposed in batch mode to improve the model estimation. Careful study shows that the LM algorithm yields better closed loop performance, compared to conventional recursive least square (RLS) approach with the pole-shifting controller (PSC) in linear framework. Exploiting the capability of LM, a special form of neural network compatible with feedback linearization technique, is applied. Validation of the performance of proposed algorithm is done through the modeling and simulating heavy loading of transmission lines, when the nonlinearities are pronounced. Nonlinear NN model in the Feedback Linearization (FLNN) form gives better estimation than the autoregressive with an external input (ARX) form. The proposed identifier (FLNN with LM algorithm) is then tested on a 4−machine, 2−area power system in conjunction with the feedback linearization controller (FBLC) under varying operating conditions. This case study indicates that the developed closed loop strategy performs better than the linear NN with PSC. Extension of FLNN with FBLC structure in a multi-variable setup is also done. LM algorithm is successfully employed with the multi-input multi-output FLNN structure in a sliding window batch mode, and FBLC controller generates multiple control signals for FACTS. Case studies on a large scale 16−machine, 5−area power system are reported for different power flow scenarios, to prove the superiority of proposed schemes: both MIMO and MISO against a conventional model based controller. A coefficient vector for FBLC is derived, and utilized online at each time instant, to enhance the damping performance of controller, transforming into a time varying controller

    Modern Power System Dynamic Performance Improvement through Big Data Analysis

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    Higher penetration of Renewable Energy (RE) is causing generation uncertainty and reduction of system inertia for the modern power system. This phenomenon brings more challenges on the power system dynamic behavior, especially the frequency oscillation and excursion, voltage and transient stability problems. This dissertation work extracts the most useful information from the power system features and improves the system dynamic behavior by big data analysis through three aspects: inertia distribution estimation, actuator placement, and operational studies.First of all, a pioneer work for finding the physical location of COI in the system and creating accurate and useful inertia distribution map is presented. Theoretical proof and dynamic simulation validation have been provided to support the proposed method for inertia distribution estimation based on measurement PMU data. Estimation results are obtained for a radial system, a meshed system, IEEE 39 bus-test system, the Chilean system, and a real utility system in the US. Then, this work provided two control actuator placement strategy using measurement data samples and machine learning algorithms. The first strategy is for the system with single oscillation mode. Control actuators should be placed at the bus that are far away from the COI bus. This rule increased damping ratio of eamples systems up to 14\% and hugely reduced the computational complexity from the simulation results of the Chilean system. The second rule is created for system with multiple dynamic problems. General and effective guidance for planners is obtained for IEEE 39-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system using machine learning algorithms by finding the relationship between system most significant features and system dynamic performance. Lastly, it studied the real-time voltage security assessment and key link identification in cascading failure analysis. A proposed deep-learning framework has Achieved the highest accuracy and lower computational time for real-time security analysis. In addition, key links are identified through distance matrix calculation and probability tree generation using 400,000 data samples from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system

    Wide-Area Control Schemes to Improve Small Signal Stability in Power Systems

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    One of the main concerns for the secure and reliable operation of power systems is the small signal stability problem. In the complex and highly interconnected structure of future power systems, relying solely on operator responses and conventional controls cannot assure reliability. Therefore, there is a need for advanced Wide-Area Control Schemes (WACS) that can automatically respond to degradation of reliability in the system. The main objective of this dissertation is to address two key challenges regarding the design and implementation of wide-area control schemes for damping inter-area oscillations. First is the high communication cost associated with optimal centralized control approaches. As power networks are large-scale systems, both the synthesis and the implementation of centralized controllers suggested by most of the previous studies are often impossible in practice. Second is the difficulty of obtaining accurate system-wide dynamic models for initiating and updating the control design. In this research, we introduced wide-area damping control strategies that not only ensure the small signal stability with the desired performance but also consider communication and model information limitations in the design. A state feedback formulation is proposed that aims to simultaneously optimize a standard Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) cost criterion and induce a pre-defined communication structure. We solved the proposed problem with three different objectives to target a specific wide-area damping control design challenge in each setting. First, the communication structure is enforced as a constraint in the optimization and solved for a large idealized power network with information symmetry. Second, to make the method suitable for systems with arbitrary structures and information patterns, we proposed a group-sparse regularization to be added to the optimization cost function. Applications of the method for inducing the desired communication network and finding effective measurement and control signal combinations were also investigated. Third, we paired the proposed optimal control with a real-time model identification approach, to create a wide-area control framework that is capable of dealing with model information limitations and inaccuracies in online implementation. The performances of the proposed wide-area damping control architectures are validated through nonlinear simulations on different test systems

    Fault-tolerant wide-area control of power systems

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    In this thesis, the stability and performance of closed-loop systems following the loss of sensors or feedback signals (sensor faults) are studied. The objective is to guarantee stability in the face of sensor faults while optimising performance under nominal (no sensor fault) condition. One of the main contributions of this work is to deal effectively with the combinatorial binary nature of the problem when the number of sensors is large. Several fault-tolerant controller and observer architectures that are suitable for different applications are proposed and their effectiveness demonstrated. The problems are formulated in terms of the existence of feasible solutions to linear matrix inequalities. The formulations presented in this work are described in a general form and can be applied to a large class of systems. In particular, the use of fault-tolerant architectures for damping inter-area oscillations in power systems using wide-area signals has been demonstrated. As an extension of the proposed formulations, regional pole placement to enhance the damping of inter-area modes has been incorporated. The objective is to achieve specified damping ratios for the inter-area modes and maximise the closed-loop performance under nominal condition while guaranteeing stability for all possible combinations of sensors faults. The performances of the proposed fault-tolerant architectures are validated through extensive nonlinear simulations using a simplified equivalent model of the Nordic power system.Open Acces

    Energy-Driven Analysis of Electronically-Interfaced Resources for Improving Power System Dynamic Performance

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    This dissertation investigates the strengthening of power system dynamics with regard to electromechanical oscillations by using electronically-interfaced resources (EIR). The dissertation addresses (1) the modeling and control design of a flywheel energy storage system and a large-scale solar PV plant. The latest is enabled to participate in oscillation damping control without the need for power curtailment. (2) A new dynamic performance evaluation and coordination of damping controller is also developed to analyze systems with several critically low damping ratios. This is studied by using the system oscillation energy to define the total action and total action sensitivity, which allow the identification of control action that benefit exited modes, rather than fixed targeted modes. Finally, (3) this dissertation proposes a solution for the site selection of EIR-based damping controllers in a planning stage. The effect of wind power variability and correlation between geographically closed wind farms is modeled to analyze the system performance and determine the site selection that maximizes the probability of dynamic performance improvement. Mathematical description as well as simulations in different multi-machine power systems show the advantages of the methods described in this work. The findings of this thesis are expected to advance the state-of-the-art of power system control by effectively and efficiently utilizing the fast power capabilities of EIR in systems with high penetration of renewable energy

    Smart Grid Hybrid Generation System

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    ABSTRACT: This report presents a survey work on Hybrid Generation System (two forms of renewable energy-wind and solar) and on the role of smart grids in addressing the problems associated with integration of renewable resources. One of the most challenging aspects of integrating renewable generation resources (renewable) from an operations standpoint, is dealing with their inherit intermittent generation profile. This includes both the non-dispatchable production, as well as the quick generation ramping rates. Wind parks can ramp from zero megawatts (0MW) to full capacity in a matter of hours. Solar photovoltaic (PV) plants can ramp from full capacity to 0MW and back to full capacity in a matter of minutes when a cloud passes overhea

    Wide-area monitoring and control of future smart grids

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    Application of wide-area monitoring and control for future smart grids with substantial wind penetration and advanced network control options through FACTS and HVDC (both point-to-point and multi-terminal) is the subject matter of this thesis. For wide-area monitoring, a novel technique is proposed to characterize the system dynamic response in near real-time in terms of not only damping and frequency but also mode-shape, the latter being critical for corrective control action. Real-time simulation in Opal-RT is carried out to illustrate the effectiveness and practical feasibility of the proposed approach. Potential problem with wide-area closed-loop continuous control using FACTS devices due to continuously time-varying latency is addressed through the proposed modification of the traditional phasor POD concept introduced by ABB. Adverse impact of limited bandwidth availability due to networked communication is established and a solution using an observer at the PMU location has been demonstrated. Impact of wind penetration on the system dynamic performance has been analyzed along with effectiveness of damping control through proper coordination of wind farms and HVDC links. For multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids the critical issue of autonomous power sharing among the converter stations following a contingency (e.g. converter outage) is addressed. Use of a power-voltage droop in the DC link voltage control loops using remote voltage feedback is shown to yield proper distribution of power mismatch according to the converter ratings while use of local voltages turns out to be unsatisfactory. A novel scheme for adapting the droop coefficients to share the burden according to the available headroom of each converter station is also studied. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is illustrated through detailed frequency domain analysis and extensive time-domain simulation results on different test systems

    A novel Wide-Area control strategy for damping of critical frequency oscillations via modulation of active power injections

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    Cette thèse propose une nouvelle stratégie d'amortissement des oscillations de fréquence critiques par la modulation de l'injection rapide de puissances actives, qui ouvre la voie à l'utilisation d'actionneurs géographiquement dispersés, par exemple des ressources énergétiques distribuées (DERs), dans le contrôle des basses fréquences dynamique de l'angle du rotor du réseau électrique, qui comprend les oscillations interzones et les oscillations de fréquence transitoire. La méthode proposée intègre ces deux dynamiques différentes dans un cadre basé sur un système linéaire invariant dans le temps, dans lequel le contrôle de l'oscillation de fréquence transitoire est traduit en contrôle de la dynamique de mode commun du système. A cet effet, un examen attentif de la relation entre la variation transitoire de fréquence et la dynamique du mode commun est effectué; Les simulations montrent que le mode commun définit la forme d'un changement transitoire de faible signal de fréquence. La méthode de contrôle proposée vise à utiliser efficacement la réserve de marche limitée des DERs existants pour atténuer ces oscillations. Ceci est réalisé en découplant les actions de commande d'amortissement à différents endroits en utilisant les signaux d'oscillation du mode concerné comme commandes de puissance. Une base théorique pour cette commande de modulation découplée est fournie. Techniquement, les signaux d'oscillation modale souhaités sont filtrés en combinant linéairement les fréquences de l'ensemble du système, ce qui est déterminé par la technique (LQRSP). Avec la stratégie proposée, la modulation de chaque injection de puissance active peut être conçue efficacement en tenant compte de la limite de réponse et de la capacité de sortie en régime permanent du dispositif de support. Dans le cadre proposé, le signal de commande pour la commande de fréquence primaire est automatiquement déterminé dans une direction de commande (presque) optimale; des expériences montrent que ce signal a tendance à être la vitesse du système vue par le point d'injection de puissance. La commande modulante découplée a tendance à isoler les actions de commande pour les oscillations interzones et les oscillations de fréquence transitoire, ce qui atténue grandement les préoccupations concernant l'interaction entre la commande de ces deux types de dynamiquesThis dissertation provides a novel wide-area control strategy for damping of critical frequency oscillations via modulation of fast active power injections, which paves the way for the utilization of large-scale geographically dispersed actuators, e.g., distributed energy resources (DERs), in the control of power system low-frequency rotor angle dynamics, this includes the inter-area oscillations and the transient frequency swing. The proposed method incorporates these two different dynamics into a linear time invariant (LTI) system based control framework, in which the control of the transient frequency swing is translated into the control of the system common mode dynamics. For this purpose, a careful examination of the relationship between the transient frequency swing and the common mode dynamics is carried out; extensive simulations show that the common mode defines the shape of a small-signal transient frequency swing. The proposed control method pursues an efficient utilization of the limited power reserve of existing DERs to mitigate these oscillations. This is accomplished by decoupling the damping control actions at different sites using the oscillation signals of the concerned mode as the power commands. A theoretical basis for this decoupled modulating control is provided. Technically, the desired sole modal oscillation signals are filtered out by linearly combining the system-wide frequencies, which is determined by the linear quadratic regulator based sparsity-promoting (LQRSP) technique. With the proposed strategy, the modulation of each active power injection can be effectively engineered considering the response limit and steady-state output capability of the supporting device. In the proposed control framework, the power command signal for the primary frequency control is determined in a (near) optimal control sense; experiments show that this signal tends to be the system speed seen by the power injection point. Importantly, the decoupled modulating control tends to isolate the control actions for the inter-area oscillations and the transient frequency swing, thereby greatly relieving the concern about the interaction between the control of these two types of dynamics

    Decentralized estimation and control for power systems

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    This thesis presents a decentralized alternative to the centralized state-estimation and control technologies used in current power systems. Power systems span over vast geographical areas, and therefore require a robust and reliable communication network for centralized estimation and control. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems provide such a communication architecture and are currently employed for centralized estimation and control of power systems in a static manner. The SCADA systems operate at update rates which are not fast enough to provide appropriate estimation or control of transient or dynamic events occurring in power systems. Packet-switching based networked control system (NCS) is a faster alternative to SCADA systems, but it suffers from some other problems such as packet dropouts, random time delays and packet disordering. A stability analysis framework for NCS in power systems has been presented in the thesis considering these problems. Some other practical limitations and problems associated with real-time centralized estimation and control are computational bottlenecks, cyber threats and issues in acquiring system-wide parameters and measurements. The aforementioned problems can be solved by a decentralized methodology which only requires local parameters and measurements for estimation and control of a local unit in the system. The cumulative effect of control at all the units should be such that the global oscillations and instabilities in the power system are controlled. Such a decentralized methodology has been presented in the thesis. The method for decentralization is based on a new concept of `pseudo-inputs' in which some of the measurements are treated as inputs. Unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) is applied on the decentralized system for dynamic state estimation (DSE). An extended linear quadratic regulator (ELQR) has been proposed for the optimal control of each local unit such that the whole power system is stabilized and all the oscillations are adequately damped. ELQR requires DSE as a prerequisite. The applicability of integrated system for dynamic estimation and control has been demonstrated on a model 16-machine 68-bus benchmark system

    Decentralized and Fault-Tolerant Control of Power Systems with High Levels of Renewables

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    Inter-area oscillations have been identified as a major problem faced by most power systems and stability of these oscillations are of vital concern due to the potential for equipment damage and resulting restrictions on available transmission capacity. In recent years, wide-area measurement systems (WAMSs) have been deployed that allow inter-area modes to be observed and identified.Power grids consist of interconnections of many subsystems which may interact with their neighbors and include several sensors and actuator arrays. Modern grids are spatially distributed and centralized strategies are computationally expensive and might be impractical in terms of hardware limitations such as communication speed. Hence, decentralized control strategies are more desirable.Recently, the use of HVDC links, FACTS devices and renewable sources for damping of inter-area oscillations have been discussed in the literature. However, very few such systems have been deployed in practice partly due to the high level of robustness and reliability requirements for any closed loop power system controls. For instance, weather dependent sources such as distributed winds have the ability to provide services only within a narrow range and might not always be available due to weather, maintenance or communication failures.Given this background, the motivation of this work is to ensure power grid resiliency and improve overall grid reliability. The first consideration is the design of optimal decentralized controllers where decisions are based on a subset of total information. The second consideration is to design controllers that incorporate actuator limitations to guarantee the stability and performance of the system. The third consideration is to build robust controllers to ensure resiliency to different actuator failures and availabilities. The fourth consideration is to design distributed, fault-tolerant and cooperative controllers to address above issues at the same time. Finally, stability problem of these controllers with intermittent information transmission is investigated.To validate the feasibility and demonstrate the design principles, a set of comprehensive case studies are conducted based on different power system models including 39-bus New England system and modified Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system with different operating points, renewable penetration and failures
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