Multimodal non-linear latent semantic method for information retrieval

La búsqueda y recuperación de datos multimodales es una importante tarea dentro del campo de búsqueda y recuperación de información, donde las consultas y los elementos de la base de datos objetivo están representados por un conjunto de modalidades, donde cada una de ellas captura un aspecto de un fenómeno de interés. Cada modalidad contiene información complementaria y común a otras modalidades. Con el fin de tomar ventaja de la información adicional distribuida a través de las distintas modalidades han sido desarrollados muchos algoritmos y métodos que utilizan las propiedades estadísticas en los datos multimodales para encontrar correlaciones implícitas, otros aprenden a calcular distancias heterogéneas, otros métodos aprenden a proyectar los datos desde el espacio de entrada hasta un espacio semántico común, donde las diferentes modalidades son comparables y se puede construir un ranking a partir de ellas. En esta tesis se presenta el diseño de un sistema para la búsqueda y recuperación de información multimodal que aprende varias proyecciones no lineales a espacios semánticos latentes donde las distintas modalidades son representadas en conjunto y es posible realizar comparaciones y medidas de similitud para construir rankings multimodales. Adicionalmente se propone un método kernelizado para la proyección de datos a un espacio semántico latente usando la información de las etiquetas como método de supervisión para construir índice multimodal que integra los datos multimodales y la información de las etiquetas; este método puede proyectar los datos a tres diferentes espacios semánticos donde varias configuraciones de búsqueda y recuperación de información pueden ser aplicadas. El sistema y el método propuestos fueron evaluados en un conjunto de datos compuesto por casos médicos, donde cada caso consta de una imagen de tejido prostático, un reporte de texto del patólogo y un valor de Gleason score como etiqueta de supervisión. Combinando la información multimodal y la información en las etiquetas se generó un índice multimodal que se utilizó para realizar la tarea de búsqueda y recuperación de información por contenido obteniendo resultados sobresalientes. Las proyecciones no-lineales permiten al modelo una mayor flexibilidad y capacidad de representación. Sin embargo calcular estas proyecciones no-lineales en un conjunto de datos enorme es computacionalmente costoso, para reducir este costo y habilitar el modelo para procesar datos a gran escala, la técnica del budget fue utilizada, mostrando un buen compromiso entre efectividad y velocidad.Multimodal information retrieval is an information retrieval sub-task where queries and database target elements are composed of several modalities or views. A modality is a representation of complex phenomena, captured and measured by different sensors or information sources, each one encodes some information about it. Each modality representation contains complementary and shared information about the phenomenon of interest, this additional information can be used to improve the information retrieval process. Several methods have been developed to take advantage of additional information distributed across different modalities. Some of them exploit statistical properties in multimodal data to find correlations and implicit relationships, others learn heterogeneous distance functions, and others learn linear and non-linear projections that transform data from the original input space to a common latent semantic space where different modalities are comparable. In spite of the attention dedicated to this issue, multimodal information retrieval is still an open problem. This thesis presents a multimodal information retrieval system designed to learn several mapping functions to transform multimodal data to a latent semantic space, where different modalities are combined and can be compared to build a multimodal ranking and perform a multimodal information retrieval task. Additionally, a multimodal kernelized latent semantic embedding method is proposed to construct a supervised multimodal index, integrating multimodal data and label supervision. This method can perform mappings to three different spaces where some information retrieval task setups can be performed. The proposed system and method were evaluated in a multimodal medical case-based retrieval task where data is composed of whole-slide images of prostate tissue samples, pathologist’s text report and Gleason score as a supervised label. Multimodal data and labels were combined to produce a multimodal index. This index was used to retrieve multimodal information and achieves outstanding results compared with previous works on this topic. Non-linear mappings provide more flexibility and representation capacity to the proposed model. However, constructing the non-linear mapping in a large dataset using kernel methods can be computationally costly. To reduce the cost and allow large scale applications, the budget technique was introduced, showing good performance between speed and effectiveness.COLCIENCIASJóvenes investigadores 761/2016Línea de investigación: Ciencias de la computaciónMaestrí

Efficient video indexing for monitoring disease activity and progression in the upper gastrointestinal tract

Endoscopy is a routine imaging technique used for both diagnosis and minimally invasive surgical treatment. While the endoscopy video contains a wealth of information, tools to capture this information for the purpose of clinical reporting are rather poor. In date, endoscopists do not have any access to tools that enable them to browse the video data in an efficient and user friendly manner. Fast and reliable video retrieval methods could for example, allow them to review data from previous exams and therefore improve their ability to monitor disease progression. Deep learning provides new avenues of compressing and indexing video in an extremely efficient manner. In this study, we propose to use an autoencoder for efficient video compression and fast retrieval of video images. To boost the accuracy of video image retrieval and to address data variability like multi-modality and view-point changes, we propose the integration of a Siamese network. We demonstrate that our approach is competitive in retrieving images from 3 large scale videos of 3 different patients obtained against the query samples of their previous diagnosis. Quantitative validation shows that the combined approach yield an overall improvement of 5% and 8% over classical and variational autoencoders, respectively.Comment: Accepted at IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), 201

A Survey on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis

Deep learning algorithms, in particular convolutional networks, have rapidly become a methodology of choice for analyzing medical images. This paper reviews the major deep learning concepts pertinent to medical image analysis and summarizes over 300 contributions to the field, most of which appeared in the last year. We survey the use of deep learning for image classification, object detection, segmentation, registration, and other tasks and provide concise overviews of studies per application area. Open challenges and directions for future research are discussed.Comment: Revised survey includes expanded discussion section and reworked introductory section on common deep architectures. Added missed papers from before Feb 1st 201

Multimodal information spaces for content-based image retrieval

Abstract. Image collections today are increasingly larger in size, and they continue to grow constantly. Without the help of image search systems these abundant visual records collected in many different fields and domains may remain unused and inaccessible. Many available image databases often contain complementary modalities, such as attached text resources, which can be used to build an index for querying with keywords. However, sometimes users do not have or do not know the right words to express what they need, and, in addition, keywords do not express all the visual variations that an image may contain. Using example images as queries can be viewed as an alternative in different scenarios such as searching images using a mobile phone with a coupled camera, or supporting medical diagnosis by searching a large medical image collection. Still, matching only visual features between the query and image databases may lead to undesirable results from the user's perspective. These conditions make the process of finding relevant images for a specific information need very challenging, time consuming or even frustrating. Instead of considering only a single data modality to build image search indexes, the simultaneous use of both, visual and text data modalities, has been suggested. Non-visual information modalities may provide complementary information to enrich the image representation. The goal of this research work is to study the relationships between visual contents and text terms to build useful indexes for image search. A family of algorithms based on matrix factorization are proposed for extracting the multimodal aspects from an image collection. Using this knowledge about how visual features and text terms correlate, a search index is constructed, which can be searched using keywords, example images or combinations of both. Systematic experiments were conducted on different data sets to evaluate the proposed indexing algorithms. The experimental results showed that multimodal indexing is an effective strategy for designing image search systems.Las colecciones de imágenes hoy en día son muy grandes y crecen constantemente. Sin la ayuda de sistemas para la búsqueda de imágenes esos abundantes registros visuales que han sido recolectados en diferentes areas del conocimiento pueden permanecer aislados sin uso. Muchas bases de datos de imágenes contienen modalidades de datos complementarias, como los recursos textuales que pueden ser utilizados para crear índices de búsqueda. Sin embargo, algunas veces los usuarios no tienen o no saben qué palabras utilizar para encontrar lo que necesitan, y adicionalmente, las palabras clave no expresan todas las variaciones visuales que una imagen puede tener. Utilizar imágenes de ejemplo para expresar la consulta puede ser visto como una alternativa, por ejemplo buscar imágenes con teléfonos móviles, o dar soporte al diagnóstico médico con las imágenes de los pacientes. Aún así, emparejar correctamente las características visuales de la consulta y las imágenes en la base de datos puede llevar a resultados semánticamente incorrectos. Estas condiciones hacen que el proceso de buscar imágenes relevantes para una necesidad de información particular sea una tarea difícil, que consume mucho tiempo o que incluso puede ser frustrante. En lugar de considerar solo una modalidad de datos para construir índices de búsqueda para imágenes, el uso simultáneo de las modalidades visual y textual ha sido sugerido. Las modalidades no visuales pueden proporcionar información complementaria para enriquecer la representación de las imágenes. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es estudiar las relaciones entre los contenidos visuales y los términos textuales, para construir índices de búsqueda útiles. Este trabajo propone una familia de algoritmos basados en factorización de matrices para extraer los aspectos multimodales de una colección de imágenes. Utilizando este conocimiento acerca de cómo las características visuales se correlacionan con los términos textuales, se construye un índice que puede ser consultado con palabras clave, imágenes de ejemplo o por combinaciones de estas dos. Se realizaron experimentos sistemáticos en diferentes conjuntos de datos para evaluar los algoritmos de indexamiento propuestos. Los resultados muestran que el indexamiento multimodal es una estrategia efectiva para diseñar sistemas de búsqueda de imágenes.Doctorad

Action Recognition in Videos: from Motion Capture Labs to the Web

This paper presents a survey of human action recognition approaches based on visual data recorded from a single video camera. We propose an organizing framework which puts in evidence the evolution of the area, with techniques moving from heavily constrained motion capture scenarios towards more challenging, realistic, "in the wild" videos. The proposed organization is based on the representation used as input for the recognition task, emphasizing the hypothesis assumed and thus, the constraints imposed on the type of video that each technique is able to address. Expliciting the hypothesis and constraints makes the framework particularly useful to select a method, given an application. Another advantage of the proposed organization is that it allows categorizing newest approaches seamlessly with traditional ones, while providing an insightful perspective of the evolution of the action recognition task up to now. That perspective is the basis for the discussion in the end of the paper, where we also present the main open issues in the area.Comment: Preprint submitted to CVIU, survey paper, 46 pages, 2 figures, 4 table

Unsupervised Visual and Textual Information Fusion in Multimedia Retrieval - A Graph-based Point of View

Multimedia collections are more than ever growing in size and diversity. Effective multimedia retrieval systems are thus critical to access these datasets from the end-user perspective and in a scalable way. We are interested in repositories of image/text multimedia objects and we study multimodal information fusion techniques in the context of content based multimedia information retrieval. We focus on graph based methods which have proven to provide state-of-the-art performances. We particularly examine two of such methods : cross-media similarities and random walk based scores. From a theoretical viewpoint, we propose a unifying graph based framework which encompasses the two aforementioned approaches. Our proposal allows us to highlight the core features one should consider when using a graph based technique for the combination of visual and textual information. We compare cross-media and random walk based results using three different real-world datasets. From a practical standpoint, our extended empirical analysis allow us to provide insights and guidelines about the use of graph based methods for multimodal information fusion in content based multimedia information retrieval.Comment: An extended version of the paper: Visual and Textual Information Fusion in Multimedia Retrieval using Semantic Filtering and Graph based Methods, by J. Ah-Pine, G. Csurka and S. Clinchant, submitted to ACM Transactions on Information System