Application of Logic-Based Methods to Machine Component Design

This paper describes an application worked out in collaboration with a company that produces made-to-order machine components. The goal of the project is to develop a system that can support the company\u27s engineers by automating parts of their component design process. We propose a knowledge extraction methodology based on the recent DMN (Decision Model and Notation) standard and compare a rule-based and a constraint-based method for representing the resulting knowledge. We study the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches in the context of the company\u27s real-life application

Context-Aware Verification of DMN

The Decision Model and Notation (DMN) standard is a user-friendly notation for decision logic. To verify correctness of DMN decision tables, many tools are available. However, most of these look at a table in isolation, with little or no regards for its context. In this work, we argue for the importance of context, and extend the formal verification criteria to include it. We identify two forms of context, namely in-model context and background knowledge. We also present our own context-aware verification tool, implemented in our DMN-IDP interface, and show that this context-aware approach allows us to perform more thorough verification than any other available tool

Tackling Dierent Business Process Perspectives

Business Process Management (BPM) has emerged as a discipline to design, control, analyze, and optimize business operations. Conceptual models lie at the core of BPM. In particular, business process models have been taken up by organizations as a means to describe the main activities that are performed to achieve a specific business goal. Process models generally cover different perspectives that underlie separate yet interrelated representations for analyzing and presenting process information. Being primarily driven by process improvement objectives, traditional business process modeling languages focus on capturing the control flow perspective of business processes, that is, the temporal and logical coordination of activities. Such approaches are usually characterized as \u201cactivity-centric\u201d. Nowadays, activity-centric process modeling languages, such as the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) standard, are still the most used in practice and benefit from industrial tool support. Nevertheless, evidence shows that such process modeling languages still lack of support for modeling non-control-flow perspectives, such as the temporal, informational, and decision perspectives, among others. This thesis centres on the BPMN standard and addresses the modeling the temporal, informational, and decision perspectives of process models, with particular attention to processes enacted in healthcare domains. Despite being partially interrelated, the main contributions of this thesis may be partitioned according to the modeling perspective they concern. The temporal perspective deals with the specification, management, and formal verification of temporal constraints. In this thesis, we address the specification and run-time management of temporal constraints in BPMN, by taking advantage of process modularity and of event handling mechanisms included in the standard. Then, we propose three different mappings from BPMN to formal models, to validate the behavior of the proposed process models and to check whether they are dynamically controllable. The informational perspective represents the information entities consumed, produced or manipulated by a process. This thesis focuses on the conceptual connection between processes and data, borrowing concepts from the database domain to enable the representation of which part of a database schema is accessed by a certain process activity. This novel conceptual view is then employed to detect potential data inconsistencies arising when the same data are accessed erroneously by different process activities. The decision perspective encompasses the modeling of the decision-making related to a process, considering where decisions are made in the process and how decision outcomes affect process execution. In this thesis, we investigate the use of the Decision Model and Notation (DMN) standard in conjunction with BPMN starting from a pattern-based approach to ease the derivation of DMN decision models from the data represented in BPMN processes. Besides, we propose a methodology that focuses on the integrated use of BPMN and DMN for modeling decision-intensive care pathways in a real-world application domain

Decision-making support for the alignment of business-process-driven organization with strategic plans.

Los planes de negocio son documentos en los que los equipos ejecutivos de las organizaciones (BETs, por sus siglas en inglés), especifican todos y cada uno de los aspectos de la organización. Dos componentes muy importantes de los planes de negocio son el plan de operaciones y el plan estratégico. El plan de operaciones recoge, tanto las actividades/tareas que se pueden realizar en la organización, para proporcionar los productos o servicios que se ofrecen, cómo la forma en que se han de llevar a cabo estas actividades/tareas; El plan estratégico especifica la dirección y los objetivos de la organización, elabora objetivos e identifica estrategias para alcanzar éstos objetivos. Las organizaciones siguen la dirección establecida sus planes estratégicos, pero debido a diversos factores, a menudo esto, mantener la dirección establecida es difícil. Uno de estos factores es la influencia de las personas, las cuales toman decisiones, en ocasiones basadas en su conocimiento local de la organización, sus experiencias previas y/o su intuición, en lugar de hacerlo mediante un análisis cuantitativo de cómo sus decisiones pueden afectar a la organización, y por tanto cómo de alineadas están con la dirección establecida. Esto hace que, en ocasiones, las decisiones no estén alineadas con la dirección marcada por la organización, y que además que ni se tenga constancia de este hecho. En esta tesis doctoral se proponen metodologías y mecanismos para ayudar a las personas, a tomar decisiones alineadas con la dirección establecida por la organización. La consultora GartnerTM considera que la capacidad de ayudar en el proceso de toma de decisión es crucial para los sistemas que respaldan las operaciones de la empresa (BPMSs, por sus siglas en inglés). Por esta razón, las metodologías y mecanismos propuestos en esta tesis, se integran dentro con los BPMSs, como sistemas de ayuda a la toma de decisiones (DSS, por sus siglas en inglés). De un análisis sistemático de la literatura existente, se derivaron varias propuestas para la mejora de DSSs, y se identificaron tres tipos de decisiones que se toman en procesos de negocio, las cuales no están ampliamente respaldadas por los DSSs actuales: (1) decisiones que direccionan la instancia de proceso de negocio (BPI, por sus siglas en inglés); (2) decisiones sobre el valor de las variables de entrada; y (3) decisiones sobre qué proceso de negocio (BP, por sus siglas in inglés) ejecutar. En esta tesis se proponen tres DSSs, cada uno de ellos, alineado con uno de los tipos de decisión antes mencionados. Los DSSs para el direccionamiento de BPIs constituyen uno de los campos de estudio más conocidos en el contexto de la toma de decisiones en BPs, sin embargo, las propuestas encontradas en la literatura, no permiten considerar el contexto en el que se está ejecutando la BPI, es decir, estas propuestas solo consideran la información relacionada con BPI en ejecución (es decir, sólo tienen en cuenta información local) y no consideran el estado global de la organización. El DSS, para direccionar BPIs presentado en esta tesis, propone un lenguaje que permite definir variables, la cuales representan el estado global de la organización, y además mecanismos para utilizar éstas variables en las decisiones de direccionamiento de la BPI. Gracias a esto, las decisiones se pueden tomar de manera global a la organización. Otro tipo de decisiones que se toman en BP está relacionado con elegir valores de entrada de los BP (por ejemplo, la cantidad a invertir o la cantidad de empleados que se asignan a una tarea). La elección de valores de entrada en BP puede influir directamente en que la empresa consiga los objetivos marcados, o no. Para determinar los valores más adecuados para las variables de entrada de los BP, se deben analizar tanto las instancias pasadas, como los modelos de procesos de negocio. En el DSS propuesto en esta tesis para decidir sobre los valores de entrada, la información extraída de instancias pasadas es utilizada utiliza para sugerir el rango de valores dentro del cual, el valor de la variable está alineado con los objetivos marcados por la organización. Dado que la información empleada para extraer el conocimiento de los BPI finalizados se almacena en bases de datos, también se propone una metodología para validar la alineación de los datos de estas instancias anteriores con el BP. Los DSS descritos anteriormente están relacionados con las decisiones tomadas sobre BPI, es decir BP que se están ya ejecutando; sin embargo, la elección de qué BP se debe ejecutar, también constituye una decisión en sí misma. Esta decisión también puede afectar el estado de la organización y, por lo tanto, puede afectar el logro de los objetivos especificados en los planes estratégicos de la organización. Estas decisiones se conocen como decisiones de gobernanza, y también deben estar alineadas con los planes estratégicos. Con el fin de conseguir este alineamiento, en esta tesis se propone una metodología para modelar, tanto los BP, como la medida en que la ejecución de éstos afecta a los indicadores de la organización. Éste modelad lo hacen personas (expertos en negocios), por lo que en esta tesis también se proponen mecanismos para su validación respecto de la actividad de la organización en el pasado. El DSS propuesto para decisiones de gobernanza, se basa en la capacidad de simular estos modelos, para predecir el estado final de la organización en caso de ejecutar uno varios procesos de negocio, en un momento determinado. Los DSSs y técnicas propuestas en esta tesis mejoran la capacidad de toma de decisiones en cuatro aspectos: 1. Ayudan a los usuarios a tomar decisiones alineadas con la dirección marcada por la organización, en función del estado general de la empresa y de lo que sucedió en el pasado. 2. Aseguran que las decisiones tomadas estén alineadas con los planes estratégicos, por lo que todas las personas involucradas en la organización toman decisiones de acuerdo con los objetivos definidos por la organización. 3. Aprovechan la información de ejecuciones pasadas de BP de la empresa, para mejorar la organización. 4. Aprovechan el conocimiento de las personas involucradas en la organización tienen del funcionamiento de la misma, al tiempo que permiten tomar decisión razonadas sobre por qué se toma realiza una acción u otra. Por otro lado, estas técnicas están orientadas a: ser utilizadas por expertos del negocio, es decir, personas sin formación técnica; contribuir a una mejor comprensión de cómo las acciones realizadas en la organización pueden afectar el logro de los objetivos definidos; y a permitir que información del estado de la organización pueda ser utilizada por terceras aplicaciones. Por último, destacar que las propuestas desarrolladas en el contexto de esta tesis y los ejemplos utilizados para ilustrarlas han sido extraídas de casos de empresas reales

Applications of Blockchain in Business Processes: A Comprehensive Review

Blockchain (BC), as an emerging technology, is revolutionizing Business Process Management (BPM) in multiple ways. The main adoption is to serve as a trusted infrastructure to guarantee the trust of collaborations among multiple partners in trustless environments. Especially, BC enables trust of information by using Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). With the power of smart contracts, BC enforces the obligations of counterparties that transact in a business process (BP) by programming the contracts as transactions. This paper aims to study the state-of-the-art of BC technologies by (1) exploring its applications in BPM with the focus on how BC provides the trust of BPs in their lifecycles; (2) identifying the relations of BPM as the need and BC as the solution with the assessment towards BPM characteristics; (3) discussing the up-to-date progresses of critical BC in BPM; (4) identifying the challenges and research directions for future advancement in the domain. The main conclusions of our comprehensive review are (1) the study of adopting BC in BPM has attracted a great deal of attention that has been evidenced by a rapidly growing number of relevant articles. (2) The paradigms of BPM over Internet of Things (IoT) have been shifted from persistent to transient, from static to dynamic, and from centralized to decentralized, and new enabling technologies are highly demanded to fulfill some emerging functional requirements (FRs) at the stages of design, configuration, diagnosis, and evaluation of BPs in their lifecycles. (3) BC has been intensively studied and proven as a promising solution to assure the trustiness for both of business processes and their executions in decentralized BPM. (4) Most of the reported BC applications are at their primary stages, future research efforts are needed to meet the technical challenges involved in interoperation, determination of trusted entities, confirmation of time-sensitive execution, and support of irreversibility

Gaining Insight into Determinants of Physical Activity using Bayesian Network Learning

Contains fulltext : 228326pre.pdf (preprint version ) (Open Access) Contains fulltext : 228326pub.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BNAIC/BeneLearn 202

Evidence-based clinical decision-making : Conceptual and empirical foundations for an integrative psychological and neurobiological transtheoretical metamodel

The dialogue between psychotherapy and neuroscience is ongoing. Previous meta-analytic research suggests that 35% of psychotherapy outcome variance is not fully explained, whereas 30% is attributed to patient variables, 15% to therapeutic relationship, 10% to specific therapeutic techniques, 7% to therapist variables and 3% to other factors (Norcross & Wampold, 2019). Several authors emphasize the need for integrative, metatheoretical or transtheoretical approaches to enhance conceptual understanding of clinical phenomena, augmenting psychotherapy responsiveness to patients’ significant variables, such as maladaptive patterns, states of mind, relational styles, emotional difficulties, neurocognitive deficits, and psychological needs. The present doctoral proposal aims to respond to these claims through the establishment of preliminary conceptual and empirical foundations for an Integrative Psychological and Neurobiological Transtheoretical Metamodel. First, an extensive literature review of the relationships between psychotherapy and neuroscience was performed to establish theoretical and conceptual integration of different components of the presently proposed model. Second, several methodological aspects were described to systematize the complex data acquisition process. Third, seven studies were conducted, and implications of the results were discussed. Fourth, an integrative discussion was elaborated, emphasizing the major and general implications of the results for clinical practice and future research. The first empirical study aimed to develop and/or adapt self-report assessment measures to evaluate several psychological variables (e.g., metacognition, states of mind), which resulted in five scientific articles. Thus, the Metacognitive Self-assessment Scale (Pedone et al., 2017) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems – 32 (IIP-32, Barkham et al., 1998) were validated and adapted to European Portuguese. The State of Mind Questionnaire (SMQ, Faustino et al., 2021b, Emotional Processing Difficulties Scale – R (EPDS-R, Faustino et al., in press) and the Clinical Decision-Making Inventory (Faustino & Vasco, in press) were developed. All instruments showed satisfactory psychometric properties. Nevertheless, the SMQ showed low reliability in the composite scales in smaller subsamples. For the second empirical study, the main aims were to explore the complex relationships between early disorder determinants, maladaptive schemas and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and critical consequences, mental skills and processes, and adaptive self-domains. This was performed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results showed significant sequential and mediational models between maladaptive schemas, defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities and processes, and adaptive self-domains with psychological needs. Maladaptive schemas and states of mind were both predictors and mediators in several models. However, the relationship between maladaptive schematic functioning and symptomatology had less significant mediations with the same variables. For the third study, the main aims were to explore the relationships of early disorder determinants, maladaptive schematic functioning and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities and processes, and adaptive self-domains, with several neurocognitive variables. Executive functions were negatively correlated with maladaptive schematic functioning and with defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences. Memory only correlated with psychological needs, self-confidence and with dysfunctional interpersonal cycles. These results emphasize previous assumptions that there is a difference between self-report questionnaires and neuropsychological assessment measures which may difficult the integrated study of psychological and neurocognitive processes. The fourth study aimed to explore the associations of affective subliminal processing with dispositional states and contextual states, defined in the present work as early disorder determinants, schematic functioning, and defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities and processes, and adaptive self-domains. Results showed strong correlations between maladaptive schematic functioning, coping responses, emotional processing difficulties, and expressive suppression with behavioral responses. Dispositional traits and contextual states seem to be associated with affective processing, especially when it comes to the neutral valence of the subliminal stimuli. ERPs waveforms showed an amplitude modulation with a temporal progression: in the first 100 msec the waveform amplitude was highest to the negative condition; Later on, in the time windows after 350 msec, the neutral condition was the one that elicited the ERPs’ heist amplitude. These indexes a cascade of reactions, first a priority to nonconscious negative stimulation; and after that, a later processing phase of affective-cognitive interpretation (350msc) in which neutral stimuli acquire a meaning according to schemas. The fifth study explored the diagnostic and or transdiagnostic potential of early disorder determinants, maladaptive schematic functioning and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities and processes, and adaptive self-domains. Results showed that only early complex trauma and expressive suppression were not statistically different in two subsamples. Individuals in the low-symptoms sub-sample reported lower levels of maladaptive schematic functioning, defensive maneuvers, and psychological inflexibility than individuals in the higher-symptoms subsample. The sixth study was focused on the exploration of the temporal stability of maladaptive schematic functioning and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and dysfunctional consequences, mental abilities, and adaptive self-domains. Results showed significant differences between moment one and two, with a descending pattern in the mean scores of dysfunctional variables. An inverse pattern was found regarding the adaptive variables. However, mean scores of some variables, such as early maladaptive schemas, emotional schemas, psychological needs, and cognitive reappraisal were not statistically significant. The seventh study aimed to explore associations of early disorder determinants, maladaptive schemas and states of mind, defensive maneuvers and critical consequences, mental skills and processes and adaptive self-domains, with an empirical based clinical profile (e.g., psychotherapy and motivational stage, coping styles). Results showed significant negative correlations between maladaptive schematic functioning and stage process, motivational stage, therapeutic relationship, attachment style, reactance, and coping style. An inverse pattern was found regarding the adaptive variables. These preliminary results seem to support a theoretically- and empirically-based integrative and transtheoretical metamodel focused on unifying psychotherapy and neuroscience into a coherent framework. Further research is required to augment and enhance the presently proposed model

Predictive cognition in dementia: the case of music

The clinical complexity and pathological diversity of neurodegenerative diseases impose immense challenges for diagnosis and the design of rational interventions. To address these challenges, there is a need to identify new paradigms and biomarkers that capture shared pathophysiological processes and can be applied across a range of diseases. One core paradigm of brain function is predictive coding: the processes by which the brain establishes predictions and uses them to minimise prediction errors represented as the difference between predictions and actual sensory inputs. The processes involved in processing unexpected events and responding appropriately are vulnerable in common dementias but difficult to characterise. In my PhD work, I have exploited key properties of music – its universality, ecological relevance and structural regularity – to model and assess predictive cognition in patients representing major syndromes of frontotemporal dementia – non-fluent variant PPA (nfvPPA), semantic-variant PPA (svPPA) and behavioural-variant FTD (bvFTD) - and Alzheimer’s disease relative to healthy older individuals. In my first experiment, I presented patients with well-known melodies containing no deviants or one of three types of deviant - acoustic (white-noise burst), syntactic (key-violating pitch change) or semantic (key-preserving pitch change). I assessed accuracy detecting melodic deviants and simultaneously-recorded pupillary responses to these deviants. I used voxel-based morphometry to define neuroanatomical substrates for the behavioural and autonomic processing of these different types of deviants, and identified a posterior temporo-parietal network for detection of basic acoustic deviants and a more anterior fronto-temporo-striatal network for detection of syntactic pitch deviants. In my second chapter, I investigated the ability of patients to track the statistical structure of the same musical stimuli, using a computational model of the information dynamics of music to calculate the information-content of deviants (unexpectedness) and entropy of melodies (uncertainty). I related these information-theoretic metrics to performance for detection of deviants and to ‘evoked’ and ‘integrative’ pupil reactivity to deviants and melodies respectively and found neuroanatomical correlates in bilateral dorsal and ventral striatum, hippocampus, superior temporal gyri, right temporal pole and left inferior frontal gyrus. Together, chapters 3 and 4 revealed new hypotheses about the way FTD and AD pathologies disrupt the integration of predictive errors with predictions: a retained ability of AD patients to detect deviants at all levels of the hierarchy with a preserved autonomic sensitivity to information-theoretic properties of musical stimuli; a generalized impairment of surprise detection and statistical tracking of musical information at both a cognitive and autonomic levels for svPPA patients underlying a diminished precision of predictions; the exact mirror profile of svPPA patients in nfvPPA patients with an abnormally high rate of false-alarms with up-regulated pupillary reactivity to deviants, interpreted as over-precise or inflexible predictions accompanied with normal cognitive and autonomic probabilistic tracking of information; an impaired behavioural and autonomic reactivity to unexpected events with a retained reactivity to environmental uncertainty in bvFTD patients. Chapters 5 and 6 assessed the status of reward prediction error processing and updating via actions in bvFTD. I created pleasant and aversive musical stimuli by manipulating chord progressions and used a classic reinforcement-learning paradigm which asked participants to choose the visual cue with the highest probability of obtaining a musical ‘reward’. bvFTD patients showed reduced sensitivity to the consequence of an action and lower learning rate in response to aversive stimuli compared to reward. These results correlated with neuroanatomical substrates in ventral and dorsal attention networks, dorsal striatum, parahippocampal gyrus and temporo-parietal junction. Deficits were governed by the level of environmental uncertainty with normal learning dynamics in a structured and binarized environment but exacerbated deficits in noisier environments. Impaired choice accuracy in noisy environments correlated with measures of ritualistic and compulsive behavioural changes and abnormally reduced learning dynamics correlated with behavioural changes related to empathy and theory-of-mind. Together, these experiments represent the most comprehensive attempt to date to define the way neurodegenerative pathologies disrupts the perceptual, behavioural and physiological encoding of unexpected events in predictive coding terms

Neuroimaging investigations of cortical specialisation for different types of semantic knowledge

Embodied theories proposed that semantic knowledge is grounded in motor and perceptual experiences. This leads to two questions: (1) whether the neural underpinnings of perception are also necessary for semantic cognition; (2) how do biases towards different sensorimotor experiences cause brain regions to specialise for particular types of semantic information. This thesis tackles these questions in a series of neuroimaging and behavioural investigations. Regarding question 1, strong embodiment theory holds that semantic representation is reenactment of corresponding experiences, and brain regions for perception are necessary for comprehending modality-specific concepts. However, the weak embodiment view argues that reenactment may not be necessary, and areas near to perceiving regions may be sufficient to support semantic representation. In the particular case of motion concepts, lateral occipital temporal cortex (LOTC) has been long identified as an important area, but the roles of its different subregions are still uncertain. Chapter 3 examined how different parts of LOTC reacted to written descriptions of motion and static events, using multiple analysis methods. A series of anterior to posterior sub-regions were analyzed through univariate, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), and psychophysical interaction (PPI) analyses. MVPA revealed strongest decoding effects for motion vs. static events in the posterior parts of LOTC, including both visual motion area (V5) and posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG). In contrast, only the middle portion of LOTC showed increased activation for motion sentences in univariate analyses. PPI analyses showed increased functional connectivity between posterior LOTC and the multiple demand network for motion events. These findings suggest that posterior LOTC, which overlapped with the motion perception V5 region, is selectively involved in comprehending motion events, while the anterior part of LOTC contributes to general semantic processing. Regarding question 2, the hub-and-spoke theory suggests that anterior temporal lobe (ATL) acts as a hub, using inputs from modality-specific regions to construct multimodal concepts. However, some researchers propose temporal parietal cortex (TPC) as an additional hub, specialised in processing and integrating interaction and contextual information (e.g., for actions and locations). These hypotheses are summarized as the "dual-hub theory" and different aspects of this theory were investigated in in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 4 focuses on taxonomic and thematic relations. Taxonomic relations (or categorical relations) occur when two concepts belong to the same category (e.g., ‘dog’ and ‘wolf’ are both canines). In contrast, thematic relations (or associative relations) refer to situations that two concepts co-occur in events or scenes (e.g., ‘dog’ and ‘bone’), focusing on the interaction or association between concepts. Some studies have indicated ATL specialization for taxonomic relations and TPC specialization for thematic relations, but others have reported inconsistent or even converse results. Thus Chapter 4 first conducted an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies contrasting taxonomic and thematic relations. This found that thematic relations reliably engage action and location processing regions (left pMTG and SMG), while taxonomic relations only showed consistent effects in the right occipital lobe. A primed semantic judgement task was then used to test the dual-hub theory’s prediction that taxonomic relations are heavily reliant on colour and shape knowledge, while thematic relations rely on action and location knowledge. This behavioural experiment revealed that action or location priming facilitated thematic relation processing, but colour and shape did not lead to priming effects for taxonomic relations. This indicates that thematic relations rely more on action and location knowledge, which may explain why the preferentially engage TPC, whereas taxonomic relations are not specifically linked to shape and colour features. This may explain why they did not preferentially engage left ATL. Chapter 5 concentrates on event and object concepts. Previous studies suggest ATL specialization for coding similarity of objects’ semantics, and angular gyrus (AG) specialization for sentence and event structure representation. In addition, in neuroimaging studies, event semantics are usually investigated using complex temporally extended stimuli, unlike than the single-concept stimuli used to investigate object semantics. Thus chapter 5 used representational similarity analysis (RSA), univariate analysis, and PPI analysis to explore neural activation patterns for event and object concepts presented as static images. Bilateral AGs encoded semantic similarity for event concepts, with the left AG also coding object similarity. Bilateral ATLs encoded semantic similarity for object concepts but also for events. Left ATL exhibited stronger coding for events than objects. PPI analysis revealed stronger connections between left ATL and right pMTG, and between right AG and bilateral inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and middle occipital gyrus, for event concepts compared to object concepts. Consistent with the meta-analysis in chapter 4, the results in chapter 5 support the idea of partial specialization in AG for event semantics but do not support ATL specialization for object semantics. In fact, both the meta-analysis and chapter 5 findings suggest greater ATL involvement in coding objects' associations compared to their similarity. To conclude, the thesis provides support for the idea that perceptual brain regions are engaged in conceptual processing, in the case of motion concepts. It also provides evidence for a specialised role for TPC regions in processing thematic relations (pMTG) and event concepts (AG). There was mixed evidence for specialisation within the ATLs and this remains an important target for future research