The color television controversy

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit

The construction of colorimetry by committee

This paper explores the confrontation of physical and contextual factors involved in the emergence of the subject of color measurement, which stabilized in essentially its present form during the interwar period. The contentions surrounding the specialty had both a national and a disciplinary dimension. German dominance was curtailed by American and British contributions after World War I. Particularly in America, communities of physicists and psychologists had different commitments to divergent views of nature and human perception. They therefore had to negotiate a compromise between their desire for a quantitative system of description and the perceived complexity and human-centeredness of color judgement. These debates were played out not in the laboratory but rather in institutionalized encounters on standards committees. Groups such as this constitute a relatively unexplored historiographic and social site of investigation. The heterogeneity of such committees, and their products, highlight the problems of identifying and following such ephemeral historical 'actors'

The influence of complementary colors on consumer behavior in digital media: an application to an interior design e-commerce

The effectsof coloron consumer behaviorhavebeen widely studied. It is proven that color has a substantial impact on human psychology and behavior. However, little is known about the influence of complementary colorschemes, specifically, applied to consumer behavior.Thisworkaims to fill theresearch gap by conducting a study on the perception of complementary colorsin a digital environment. Therefore, a surveywith 100participantswas conducted, investigatingthe impactof complementary colors on product attractiveness, purchase intention and emotions. Within the scope ofthisstudy, the color characteristics hue and saturation were analyzed. Results of an ANOVA analysis as well as T-Tests partially support the hypotheses that complementary colorschemes positively influence the variables. Findings suggest, that the saturation level yields significant results in favor of complementary colors,while the results for hue aremostlyinsignificantandlead to a rejection of the hypotheses

Godeys, 1858, July-December

Index to Godey\u27s Lady\u27s Book, July-December 1858

Comparative Study of Dissuasive Emergency Signage

This thesis investigates dissuasive emergency signage conveying a message of not utilizing a specific exit door. The thesis analyzes and highlights which features of dissuasive emergency signage have the largest impact on observer preference, interpretation and noticeability of the signage, in addition to analyzing the possibility and effects of causing an increased sense of urgency amongst the observers. It is shown that features which clearly negate the original exit- message of the original exit signage are most effective, for instance a red LED (light emitting diode) X-marking placed across the entirety of the exit signage conveys a clear dissuasive message which is easily understandable by observers. Other features of note are red flashing lights and alternation of color. Affecting the sense of urgency of the observer results in faster decision making times and a mindset more prone to searching for and following signs and instructions, which is considered a positive effect. The sense of urgency is largely affected by sensory inputs such as red flashing lights or other features which cause the signs to break the tendencies of normalcy.The Exit Sign Says NO! Is it possible to negate existing exit signage in a way that would affect egress route choice making it possible to reroute evacuating people? The answer is yes, and our current knowledge and technology makes it very much a possibility. Affecting egress route choice is possible in a number of ways. Earlier research has shown the possibilities of making certain egress routes more attractive to people by applying features such as green lights (Nilsson, 2009) and dynamic markings (Galea, Xie, & Lawrence, 2014). However, it has also been shown that it is possible to make egress routes less attractive to egressing occupants by providing negating features to the exit signage (Olander, 2015). It was found that the most efficient way to negate an existing exit sign was by providing a clear negating marking, such as a red cross over the sign, coupled with red flashing lights (Olander, 2015). Other negating options were also tested, but with much less effect. Alternating colors from a green background to a red background in an attempt to appeal to color association, which has been shown to follow the lines of green equals safety while red equals danger during an egress situation (Nilsson, Frantzich, & Saunders, 2005), only resulted in statements similar to the following: “The red exit sign looks just like a regular sign, but different. I would just try to exit there!” This is most likely the result of sending an ambiguous message, which proved to be a big issue when sorting out preference for a certain negating exit signage. Signs which provided an ambiguous message were rated very poorly when compared to signs with a more clear negating message (Olander, 2015). In addition to the above, the addition of sensory heavy features, such as the mentioned red flashing lights, should cause observers to sense a greater sense of urgency than they otherwise would (Kinateder, Kuligowski, Reneke, & Peacock, 2014). This would result in people becoming more prone to seek out and follow instructions, in addition to making the decision to evacuate faster (Day, Hulse, & Galea, 2013). In order to determine which negated exit signage was most preferred amongst people a paired comparison survey was carried out. Participants of the survey were shown a series of tests, where in each test two signs were viewed simultaneously. Participants were then asked to fill out a survey sheet consisting of a series of affordance based questions which gave insight into what specific features affected certain sensory, cognitive of functional thought patterns (Olander, 2015). With the help of these findings it is possible to create an evacuation system that has the ability to guide egressing people along certain paths, chosen in a way that leads the egressing people away from dangers and avoiding areas where critical conditions might have been reached or congestion is prominent. Current research projects suggest that endeavors such as this are not a too far off occurrence. Currently, similar ideas are being tested in real life full scale experiments (Bryant & Giachritsis, 2014). With the addition Figure 2. One of the most preferred negated signs of the study. Figure 1. The least preferred negated sign of the study, largely due to its ambiguous nature. It is implied that color coding in itself it not sufficient to alter the message of the original signage into a negated message. of the signage options mentioned, future research projects may be able to incorporate an even more effective exit sign design into their dynamic evacuation systems. With that said, I believe that the days of the old static evacuation systems are coming to an end and we will in the coming years be seeing an increase in the use of innovative evacuation solutions making use of dynamic signage to facilitate a safer evacuation and leading people out of harm’s way. Joakim Olander Fire Engineering Student, Lund Tekniska Högskola References Bryant, P., & Giachritsis, C. (2014). The GETAWAY Project - Improving Passenger Evacuation Techniques in Railway Stations. Paris: Transport Reasearch Arena. Day, R. C., Hulse, L. M., & Galea, E. R. (2013). Response Phase Behaviours and Response Time Predictors of the 9/11 World Trade Center Evacuation. Fire Technology(49), 657-678. Galea, E. R., Xie, H., & Lawrence, P. J. (2014). Experimental and Survey Studies on the Effectiveness of Dynamic Signage Systems. Fire Safety Science - Draft Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium. Kinateder, M. T., Kuligowski, E. D., Reneke, P. A., & Peacock, R. D. (2014). NIST Technical Note 1840 - A Review of Risk Perception in Building Fire Evacuation. U.S Department of Commerce: NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology. Nilsson, D. (2009). Exit Choice in Fire Emergencies - Influencing Choice of Exit with Flashing Lights. Lunds Universitet, Avdelningen för Brandteknik. Lund: Lunds Universitet. Nilsson, D., Frantzich, H., & Saunders, W. (2005). Coloured Flashing Lights to Mark Emergency Exits - Experiences from Evactuation Experiments. Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium, 569-579. Olander, J. (2015). Comparative Study of Dissuasive Emergency Signage. Lund: Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University. Sime, J. D. (1985). Movement Towards the Familiar: Person and Place Affiliation in a Fire Entrapment Setting. Environment and Behaviour, v. 17, 697-724

High definition systems in Japan

The successful implementation of a strategy to produce high-definition systems within the Japanese economy will favorably affect the fundamental competitiveness of Japan relative to the rest of the world. The development of an infrastructure necessary to support high-definition products and systems in that country involves major commitments of engineering resources, plants and equipment, educational programs and funding. The results of these efforts appear to affect virtually every aspect of the Japanese industrial complex. The results of assessments of the current progress of Japan toward the development of high-definition products and systems are presented. The assessments are based on the findings of a panel of U.S. experts made up of individuals from U.S. academia and industry, and derived from a study of the Japanese literature combined with visits to the primary relevant industrial laboratories and development agencies in Japan. Specific coverage includes an evaluation of progress in R&D for high-definition television (HDTV) displays that are evolving in Japan; high-definition standards and equipment development; Japanese intentions for the use of HDTV; economic evaluation of Japan's public policy initiatives in support of high-definition systems; management analysis of Japan's strategy of leverage with respect to high-definition products and systems

Latino Inter-Ethnic Employment Discrimination and the Diversity Defense

With the growing racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. population and workforce, scholars have begun to address the ways in which coalition building across groups not only will continue to be necessary but also will become even more complex. Recent scholarship has focused on analyzing how best to promote effective coalition building. Thus far, scholars have not examined what that growing racial and ethnic diversity will mean in the context of individual racial and ethnic discrimination claims. What will antidiscrimination litigation look like when all the parties involved are non-White but nonetheless plaintiffs allege that a racial hierarchy exists and they are not necessarily interested in the group-politics agenda of coalition building? This article focuses on the implications of increased diversity for the operation of employment discrimination law

Latino Inter-Ethnic Employment Discrimination and the Diversity Defense

With the growing racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. population and workforce, scholars have begun to address the ways in which coalition building across groups not only will continue to be necessary but also will become even more complex. Recent scholarship has focused on analyzing how best to promote effective coalition building. Thus far, scholars have not examined what that growing racial and ethnic diversity will mean in the context of individual racial and ethnic discrimination claims. What will antidiscrimination litigation look like when all the parties involved are non-White but nonetheless plaintiffs allege that a racial hierarchy exists and they are not necessarily interested in the group-politics agenda of coalition building? This article focuses on the implications of increased diversity for the operation of employment discrimination law