18 research outputs found

    Detection and classification in the compressed domain for multispectral images

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    Various applications would benefit from rapid inference on multispectral images at the point of sensing. However, the acquisition of a full-resolution multispectral image requires advanced spectrometers and prohibitive sensing time. Also, performing the high-level vision tasks such as classification and segmentation on the multispectral data consumes more computation power than on the common RGB images. Compressed sensing (CS) circumvents this sensing process usually using a random sensing matrix to acquire fewer measurements and reconstructs the multispectral image based on a sparsity assumption. The further high-level analysis of images is performed on the reconstructed high-dimensional images. And a random sensing matrix may not be physically realizable or the best fit for extracting information pertaining to a high-level vision task. A realizable low-cost data acquisition scheme and a fast processing system that makes inference based on the acquired signal are desired for multispectral images. In this thesis, we present a systematic way to jointly optimize the sensing scheme subject to optical realizability constraints, and make inference of the multispectral image in the compressed domain. In the first part of the thesis, we state some open questions in compressed inference. We review the theory on inference in the compressed domain. We formulate the problem for compressed inference and state metrics to evaluate the inference performance. We then review some existing realizable optical compressed sensing imaging systems designed for multispectral images and derive the forward model of data acquisition. The feasibility of performing detection, classification and segmentation in the compressed domain directly is then discussed for the multispectral images. Using tools from detection and estimation theory, we derive the optimal decision rule to perform compressed detection, classification and segmentation in a simple data setting. Also, the feasibility of adjusting the optical acquisition schemes jointly with the neural network is discussed. The architecture of neural networks that can achieve the performance of the optimal decision rule is proposed and the existence of optimal weights is discussed. Next, we use a synthetic dataset to compare the performance of the proposed neural network and the optimal decision rule. Several synthetic multispectral image datasets and a clinical tumor biopsy dataset are used to verify the improvement of the obtained sensing scheme and compare the performance of the neural network with that of a known optimal decision rule

    Applications of compressive sensing to direction of arrival estimation

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    Die SchĂ€tzung der Einfallsrichtungen (Directions of Arrival/DOA) mehrerer ebener Wellenfronten mit Hilfe eines Antennen-Arrays ist eine der prominentesten Fragestellungen im Gebiet der Array-Signalverarbeitung. Das nach wie vor starke Forschungsinteresse in dieser Richtung konzentriert sich vor allem auf die Reduktion des Hardware-Aufwands, im Sinne der KomplexitĂ€t und des Energieverbrauchs der EmpfĂ€nger, bei einem vorgegebenen Grad an Genauigkeit und Robustheit gegen Mehrwegeausbreitung. Diese Dissertation beschĂ€ftigt sich mit der Anwendung von Compressive Sensing (CS) auf das Gebiet der DOA-SchĂ€tzung mit dem Ziel, hiermit die KomplexitĂ€t der EmpfĂ€ngerhardware zu reduzieren und gleichzeitig eine hohe Richtungsauflösung und Robustheit zu erreichen. CS wurde bereits auf das DOA-Problem angewandt unter der Ausnutzung der Tatsache, dass eine Superposition ebener Wellenfronten mit einer winkelabhĂ€ngigen Leistungsdichte korrespondiert, die ĂŒber den Winkel betrachtet sparse ist. Basierend auf der Idee wurden CS-basierte Algorithmen zur DOA-SchĂ€tzung vorgeschlagen, die sich durch eine geringe RechenkomplexitĂ€t, Robustheit gegenĂŒber Quellenkorrelation und FlexibilitĂ€t bezĂŒglich der Wahl der Array-Geometrie auszeichnen. Die Anwendung von CS fĂŒhrt darĂŒber hinaus zu einer erheblichen Reduktion der Hardware-KomplexitĂ€t, da weniger EmpfangskanĂ€le benötigt werden und eine geringere Datenmenge zu verarbeiten und zu speichern ist, ohne dabei wesentliche Informationen zu verlieren. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird das Problem des Modellfehlers bei der CS-basierten DOA-SchĂ€tzung mit gitterbehafteten Verfahren untersucht. Ein hĂ€ufig verwendeter Ansatz um das CS-Framework auf das DOA-Problem anzuwenden ist es, den kontinuierlichen Winkel-Parameter zu diskreditieren und damit ein Dictionary endlicher GrĂ¶ĂŸe zu bilden. Da die tatsĂ€chlichen Winkel fast sicher nicht auf diesem Gitter liegen werden, entsteht dabei ein unvermeidlicher Modellfehler, der sich auf die SchĂ€tzalgorithmen auswirkt. In der Arbeit wird ein analytischer Ansatz gewĂ€hlt, um den Effekt der Gitterfehler auf die rekonstruierten Spektra zu untersuchen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Messung einer Quelle aus beliebiger Richtung sehr gut durch die erwarteten Antworten ihrer beiden Nachbarn auf dem Gitter annĂ€hern lĂ€sst. Darauf basierend wird ein einfaches und effizientes Verfahren vorgeschlagen, den Gitterversatz zu schĂ€tzen. Dieser Ansatz ist anwendbar auf einzelne Quellen oder mehrere, rĂ€umlich gut separierte Quellen. FĂŒr den Fall mehrerer dicht benachbarter Quellen wird ein numerischer Ansatz zur gemeinsamen SchĂ€tzung des Gitterversatzes diskutiert. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit untersuchen wir das Design kompressiver Antennenarrays fĂŒr die DOA-SchĂ€tzung. Die Kompression im Sinne von Linearkombinationen der Antennensignale, erlaubt es, Arrays mit großer Apertur zu entwerfen, die nur wenige EmpfangskanĂ€le benötigen und sich konfigurieren lassen. In der Arbeit wird eine einfache Empfangsarchitektur vorgeschlagen und ein allgemeines Systemmodell diskutiert, welches verschiedene Optionen der tatsĂ€chlichen Hardware-Realisierung dieser Linearkombinationen zulĂ€sst. Im Anschluss wird das Design der Gewichte des analogen Kombinations-Netzwerks untersucht. Numerische Simulationen zeigen die Überlegenheit der vorgeschlagenen kompressiven Antennen-Arrays im Vergleich mit dĂŒnn besetzten Arrays der gleichen KomplexitĂ€t sowie kompressiver Arrays mit zufĂ€llig gewĂ€hlten Gewichten. Schließlich werden zwei weitere Anwendungen der vorgeschlagenen AnsĂ€tze diskutiert: CS-basierte VerzögerungsschĂ€tzung und kompressives Channel Sounding. Es wird demonstriert, dass die in beiden Gebieten durch die Anwendung der vorgeschlagenen AnsĂ€tze erhebliche Verbesserungen erzielt werden können.Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation of plane waves impinging on an array of sensors is one of the most important tasks in array signal processing, which have attracted tremendous research interest over the past several decades. The estimated DOAs are used in various applications like localization of transmitting sources, massive MIMO and 5G Networks, tracking and surveillance in radar, and many others. The major objective in DOA estimation is to develop approaches that allow to reduce the hardware complexity in terms of receiver costs and power consumption, while providing a desired level of estimation accuracy and robustness in the presence of multiple sources and/or multiple paths. Compressive sensing (CS) is a novel sampling methodology merging signal acquisition and compression. It allows for sampling a signal with a rate below the conventional Nyquist bound. In essence, it has been shown that signals can be acquired at sub-Nyquist sampling rates without loss of information provided they possess a sufficiently sparse representation in some domain and that the measurement strategy is suitably chosen. CS has been recently applied to DOA estimation, leveraging the fact that a superposition of planar wavefronts corresponds to a sparse angular power spectrum. This dissertation investigates the application of compressive sensing to the DOA estimation problem with the goal to reduce the hardware complexity and/or achieve a high resolution and a high level of robustness. Many CS-based DOA estimation algorithms have been proposed in recent years showing tremendous advantages with respect to the complexity of the numerical solution while being insensitive to source correlation and allowing arbitrary array geometries. Moreover, CS has also been suggested to be applied in the spatial domain with the main goal to reduce the complexity of the measurement process by using fewer RF chains and storing less measured data without the loss of any significant information. In the first part of the work we investigate the model mismatch problem for CS based DOA estimation algorithms off the grid. To apply the CS framework a very common approach is to construct a finite dictionary by sampling the angular domain with a predefined sampling grid. Therefore, the target locations are almost surely not located exactly on a subset of these grid points. This leads to a model mismatch which deteriorates the performance of the estimators. We take an analytical approach to investigate the effect of such grid offsets on the recovered spectra showing that each off-grid source can be well approximated by the two neighboring points on the grid. We propose a simple and efficient scheme to estimate the grid offset for a single source or multiple well-separated sources. We also discuss a numerical procedure for the joint estimation of the grid offsets of closer sources. In the second part of the thesis we study the design of compressive antenna arrays for DOA estimation that aim to provide a larger aperture with a reduced hardware complexity and allowing reconfigurability, by a linear combination of the antenna outputs to a lower number of receiver channels. We present a basic receiver architecture of such a compressive array and introduce a generic system model that includes different options for the hardware implementation. We then discuss the design of the analog combining network that performs the receiver channel reduction. Our numerical simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed optimized compressive arrays compared to the sparse arrays of the same complexity and to compressive arrays with randomly chosen combining kernels. Finally, we consider two other applications of the sparse recovery and compressive arrays. The first application is CS based time delay estimation and the other one is compressive channel sounding. We show that the proposed approaches for sparse recovery off the grid and compressive arrays show significant improvements in the considered applications compared to conventional methods

    Doctor of Philosophy

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    dissertationMicrowave/millimeter-wave imaging systems have become ubiquitous and have found applications in areas like astronomy, bio-medical diagnostics, remote sensing, and security surveillance. These areas have so far relied on conventional imaging devices (empl
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