Face Recognition in Color Using Complex and Hypercomplex Representation

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72847-4_29Color has plenty of discriminative information that can be used to improve the performance of face recognition algorithms, although it is difficult to use it because of its high variability. In this paper we investigate the use of the quaternion representation of a color image for face recognition. We also propose a new representation for color images based on complex numbers. These two color representation methods are compared with the traditional grayscale and RGB representations using an eigenfaces based algorithm for identity verification. The experimental results show that the proposed method gives a very significant improvement when compared to using only the illuminance information.Work supported by the Spanish Project DPI2004-08279-C02-02 and the Generalitat Valenciana - Consellería d’Empresa, Universitat i Ciència under an FPI scholarship.Villegas, M.; Paredes Palacios, R. (2007). Face Recognition in Color Using Complex and Hypercomplex Representation. En Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis: Third Iberian Conference, IbPRIA 2007, Girona, Spain, June 6-8, 2007, Proceedings, Part I. Springer Verlag (Germany). 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72847-4_29S217224Yip, A., Sinha, P.: Contribution of color to face recognition. Perception 31(5), 995–1003 (2002)Torres, L., Reutter, J.Y., Lorente, L.: The importance of the color information in face recognition. In: ICIP, vol. 3, pp. 627–631 (1999)Jones III, C., Abbott, A.L.: Color face recognition by hypercomplex gabor analysis. In: FG2006, University of Southampton, UK, pp. 126–131 (2006)Hamilton, W.R.: On a new species of imaginary quantities connected with a theory of quaternions. In: Proc. Royal Irish Academy, vol. 2, pp. 424–434 (1844)Zhang, F.: Quaternions and matrices of quaternions. Linear Algebra And Its Applications 251(1-3), 21–57 (1997)Pei, S., Cheng, C.: A novel block truncation coding of color images by using quaternion-moment preserving principle. In: ISCAS, Atlanta, USA, vol. 2, pp. 684–687 (1996)Sangwine, S., Ell, T.: Hypercomplex fourier transforms of color images. In: ICIP, Thessaloniki, Greece, vol. 1, pp. 137–140 (2001)Bihan, N.L., Sangwine, S.J.: Quaternion principal component analysis of color images. In: ICIP, Barcelona, Spain, vol. 1, pp. 809–812 (2003)Chang, J.-H., Pei, S.-C., Ding, J.J.: 2d quaternion fourier spectral analysis and its applications. In: ISCAS, Vancouver, Canada, vol. 3, pp. 241–244 (2004)Li, S.Z., Jain, A.K.: 6. In: Handbook of Face Recognition. Springer (2005)Gross, R., Brajovic, V.: An image preprocessing algorithm for illumination invariant face recognition. In: Kittler, J., Nixon, M.S. (eds.) AVBPA 2003. LNCS, vol. 2688, p. 1055. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)Lee, K., Ho, J., Kriegman, D.: Nine points of light: Acquiring subspaces for face recognition under variable lighting. In: CVPR, vol. 1, pp. 519–526 (2001)Zhang, L., Samaras, D.: Face recognition under variable lighting using harmonic image exemplars. In: CVPR, vol. 1, pp. 19–25 (2003)Villegas, M., Paredes, R.: Comparison of illumination normalization methods for face recognition. In: COST 275, University of Hertfordshire, UK, pp. 27–30 (2005)Turk, M., Pentland, A.: Face recognition using eigenfaces. In: CVPR, Hawaii, pp. 586–591 (1991)Bihan, N.L., Mars, J.: Subspace method for vector-sensor wave separation based on quaternion algebra. In: EUSIPCO, Toulouse, France (2002)XM2VTS (CDS00{1,6}), http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Reseach/VSSP/xm2vtsdbLuettin, J., Maître, G.: Evaluation protocol for the extended M2VTS database (XM2VTSDB). IDIAP-COM 05, IDIAP (1998

A survey of visual preprocessing and shape representation techniques

Many recent theories and methods proposed for visual preprocessing and shape representation are summarized. The survey brings together research from the fields of biology, psychology, computer science, electrical engineering, and most recently, neural networks. It was motivated by the need to preprocess images for a sparse distributed memory (SDM), but the techniques presented may also prove useful for applying other associative memories to visual pattern recognition. The material of this survey is divided into three sections: an overview of biological visual processing; methods of preprocessing (extracting parts of shape, texture, motion, and depth); and shape representation and recognition (form invariance, primitives and structural descriptions, and theories of attention)

Neural Dynamics of 3-D Surface Perception: Figure-Ground Separation and Lightness Perception

This article develops the FACADE theory of three-dimensional (3-D) vision to simulate data concerning how two-dimensional (2-D) pictures give rise to 3-D percepts of occluded and occluding surfaces. The theory suggests how geometrical and contrastive properties of an image can either cooperate or compete when forming the boundary and surface representations that subserve conscious visual percepts. Spatially long-range cooperation and short-range competition work together to separate boundaries of occluding ligures from their occluded neighbors, thereby providing sensitivity to T-junctions without the need to assume that T-junction "detectors" exist. Both boundary and surface representations of occluded objects may be amodaly completed, while the surface representations of unoccluded objects become visible through modal processes. Computer simulations include Bregman-Kanizsa figure-ground separation, Kanizsa stratification, and various lightness percepts, including the Munker-White, Benary cross, and checkerboard percepts.Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-0409); National Science Foundation (IRI 94-01659, IRI 97-20333); Office of Naval Research (N00014-92-J-1309, N00014-95-1-0657