Codes and Hypertext: the Intertextuality of International and Comparative Law

The field of information studies reveals gaps in the literature of international and comparative law as part of interdisciplinary and textual studies. To illustrate the kind of theoretical and text-based work that could be done, this essay provides an example of such a study. Religious law texts, civil law codes, treaties and constitutional texts may provide a means to reveal the nature of hypertext as the new format for commentary. Margins used to be used for commentary, and now this can be done with hypertext and links in footnotes. Scholarly communication in general is now intertextual, and texts derive value and meaning from being related to other texts. This paper draws upon examples chosen after observing relationships between text presentation and hypertext as well as detailing similar observations by scholars to date. However, this essay attempts to go beyond a descriptive level to argue that this intertextuality, and the hypertext nature of the web, bring together texts and traditions in a manner conducive to the study of legal systems and their points of convergence

Introduction: Exploring the Many Ways of Audiovisual Translation. Retranslated, Simultaneous, Indirect, Mediated or What?

Over the last decade, a growing number of Translation Studies scholars has focused on the many aspects of AVT, as demonstrated by the proliferation of research papers in journals, essay collections and monographs devoted to this topic (e.g. Chiaro 2007; Díaz Cintas 2012; Chaume, 2012; Pérez González 2014, 2018; Maszerowska, Matamala and Orero 2014; Di Giovanni and Gambier 2018; Baños 2018 just to name a few). This has certainly enabled AVT to develop “its very own theoretical and methodological approaches, allowing it to claim the status of a scholarly area of research in its own right” (Díaz-Cintas 2009: 7). One of the interesting consequences of the rapid advances in the production of audiovisual content and the availability of its many translated versions (e.g. dubbed, (fan)subtitled, in respeaking or audio-described) is that the traditional separation between ‘dubbing’ and ‘subtitling’ countries by now appears obsolete (Gambier 2003; Chaume 2013; Sandrelli, this volume). It is probably time we overcame “the frequently futile debate over the pros and cons of dubbing and subtitling, generally simplified to subjective and pseudo-intellectual arguments” (Chaume 2012: 13). Scholarly research on AVT may fare better at exploring the intricacies and resulting phenomena that the current mediascape brings about so as to continue to contribute fruitfully to the advances in theory and practice

Transferring Passive Voice in English-Chinese Simultaneous Interpreting: A Corpus-based Study

被动语态是英语中一个重要的语法现象，但是在汉语里却没有被动语态这一说法，汉语中表被动的句子被称作被动式。英语被动语态和汉语被动式在构成方式，结构特点和时态等方面存在很大差异，这些差异给英语被动语态的同声传译带来了一定的困难。为应对这一翻译难点，本文选用基于语料库的研究方法，对英汉同声传译中被动语态的翻译进行研究。 为研究英汉同声传译中被动语态的翻译方法与技巧，本文以2011年夏季达沃斯同声传译语料库为依托，并借鉴了刘宓庆所提出的英语被动语态十种翻译方法，分析十种翻译法在同声传译中的运用，并基于所得数据与分析，最终总结出一些适用于英汉同声传译的被动语态的翻译方法与技巧。 为实现研究目的，本文...While passive voice is an important grammatical phenomenon in English, there is no such concept as passive voice in Chinese, in which sentences expressing passive meanings are called passive form. When comparing the two concepts, we find that English passive voice and Chinese passive form vary greatly in terms of their structures, formations and tense, which brings some interpreting difficulty for...学位：文学硕士院系专业：外文学院_英语语言文学学号：1202013115273

Human Attention in Image Captioning: Dataset and Analysis

In this work, we present a novel dataset consisting of eye movements and verbal descriptions recorded synchronously over images. Using this data, we study the differences in human attention during free-viewing and image captioning tasks. We look into the relationship between human attention and language constructs during perception and sentence articulation. We also analyse attention deployment mechanisms in the top-down soft attention approach that is argued to mimic human attention in captioning tasks, and investigate whether visual saliency can help image captioning. Our study reveals that (1) human attention behaviour differs in free-viewing and image description tasks. Humans tend to fixate on a greater variety of regions under the latter task, (2) there is a strong relationship between described objects and attended objects ($97\%$ of the described objects are being attended), (3) a convolutional neural network as feature encoder accounts for human-attended regions during image captioning to a great extent (around $78\%$), (4) soft-attention mechanism differs from human attention, both spatially and temporally, and there is low correlation between caption scores and attention consistency scores. These indicate a large gap between humans and machines in regards to top-down attention, and (5) by integrating the soft attention model with image saliency, we can significantly improve the model's performance on Flickr30k and MSCOCO benchmarks. The dataset can be found at: https://github.com/SenHe/Human-Attention-in-Image-Captioning.Comment: To appear at ICCV 201

Interpreting Architecture: The ARCHINT Corpus

This article introduces the ARCHINT (Architecture in Interpreting) Corpus, a parallel, bilingual, unidirectional corpus consisting of ten video recorded conference presentations in English, their simultaneous interpretations into Spanish, and their transcriptions. The goals of this paper are to describe the ARCHINT Corpus, to review its past and current applications, and to suggest future developments and research possibilities. In addition, the article places ARCHINT in line with Corpus-based Interpreting Studies (CIS)

Multilingual Unsupervised Sentence Simplification

Progress in Sentence Simplification has been hindered by the lack of supervised data, particularly in languages other than English. Previous work has aligned sentences from original and simplified corpora such as English Wikipedia and Simple English Wikipedia, but this limits corpus size, domain, and language. In this work, we propose using unsupervised mining techniques to automatically create training corpora for simplification in multiple languages from raw Common Crawl web data. When coupled with a controllable generation mechanism that can flexibly adjust attributes such as length and lexical complexity, these mined paraphrase corpora can be used to train simplification systems in any language. We further incorporate multilingual unsupervised pretraining methods to create even stronger models and show that by training on mined data rather than supervised corpora, we outperform the previous best results. We evaluate our approach on English, French, and Spanish simplification benchmarks and reach state-of-the-art performance with a totally unsupervised approach. We will release our models and code to mine the data in any language included in Common Crawl

Studying Directionality in Simultaneous Interpreting through an Electronic Corpus: EPIC (European Parliament Interpreting Corpus)

Parallel corpora have long been awaited in simultaneous interpreting studies in order to validate existing theories and models. The present paper illustrates the development of the European Parliament Interpreting Corpus (EPIC), an open, parallel, multilingual (English, Italian and Spanish), POS-tagged corpus of European Parliament source speeches and simultaneously-interpreted target speeches. The aim of the project is to study recurrent lexical patterns and morphosyntactical structures across all the possible language combinations and directions, and verify empirically whether different strategies can be detected when interpreting from a Germanic language into a Romance one and vice-versa, or between two Romance languages. EPIC is freely available on-line for the research community to use and contribute to.Les corpus parallèles dans le domaine de la recherche sur l’interprétation simultanée étaient attendus depuis longtemps pour valider des théories et des modèles existants. La présente contribution a pour but de présenter EPIC (European Parliament Interpreting Corpus), un corpus ouvert, parallèle, multilingue (anglais, italien et espagnol) et avec étiquetage des parties du discours, composé de discours source prononcés au Parlement européen et de discours cible interprétés en simultanée. Le but de ce projet est d’examiner les modèles lexicaux et les structures morphosyntaxiques dans toutes les combinaisons linguistiques considérées et quelles que soient la langue de départ et d’arrivée, et de vérifier de manière empirique si des stratégies différentes peuvent être décelées lors d’une interprétation à partir d’une langue germanique vers une langue romane et viceversa, ou entre deux langues romanes. EPIC est librement accessible en ligne pour les chercheurs et est ouvert à leurs contributions