kmos: A lattice kinetic Monte Carlo framework

Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations have emerged as a key tool for microkinetic modeling in heterogeneous catalysis and other materials applications. Systems, where site-specificity of all elementary reactions allows a mapping onto a lattice of discrete active sites, can be addressed within the particularly efficient lattice kMC approach. To this end we describe the versatile kmos software package, which offers a most user-friendly implementation, execution, and evaluation of lattice kMC models of arbitrary complexity in one- to three-dimensional lattice systems, involving multiple active sites in periodic or aperiodic arrangements, as well as site-resolved pairwise and higher-order lateral interactions. Conceptually, kmos achieves a maximum runtime performance which is essentially independent of lattice size by generating code for the efficiency-determining local update of available events that is optimized for a defined kMC model. For this model definition and the control of all runtime and evaluation aspects kmos offers a high-level application programming interface. Usage proceeds interactively, via scripts, or a graphical user interface, which visualizes the model geometry, the lattice occupations and rates of selected elementary reactions, while allowing on-the-fly changes of simulation parameters. We demonstrate the performance and scaling of kmos with the application to kMC models for surface catalytic processes, where for given operation conditions (temperature and partial pressures of all reactants) central simulation outcomes are catalytic activity and selectivities, surface composition, and mechanistic insight into the occurrence of individual elementary processes in the reaction network.Comment: 21 pages, 12 figure

Gas Turbines

This book is intended to provide valuable information for the analysis and design of various gas turbine engines for different applications. The target audience for this book is design, maintenance, materials, aerospace and mechanical engineers. The design and maintenance engineers in the gas turbine and aircraft industry will benefit immensely from the integration and system discussions in the book. The chapters are of high relevance and interest to manufacturers, researchers and academicians as well

Applications of aerospace technology in the electric power industry

An overview of the electric power industry, selected NASA contributions to progress in the industry, linkages affecting the transfer and diffusion of technology, and, finally, a perspective on technology transfer issues are presented

NASA SBIR abstracts of 1991 phase 1 projects

The objectives of 301 projects placed under contract by the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are described. These projects were selected competitively from among proposals submitted to NASA in response to the 1991 SBIR Program Solicitation. The basic document consists of edited, non-proprietary abstracts of the winning proposals submitted by small businesses. The abstracts are presented under the 15 technical topics within which Phase 1 proposals were solicited. Each project was assigned a sequential identifying number from 001 to 301, in order of its appearance in the body of the report. Appendixes to provide additional information about the SBIR program and permit cross-reference of the 1991 Phase 1 projects by company name, location by state, principal investigator, NASA Field Center responsible for management of each project, and NASA contract number are included

Numerical study of high temperature bayonet heat exchanger and decomposer for hydrogen production

This thesis deals with the development of a three-dimensional computational model of high temperature heat exchanger and decomposer for hydrogen production by the sulfur iodine thermochemical water splitting cycle. The present study is concerned with the use of a bayonet type heat exchanger that is a silicon carbide integrated decomposer (SID) which decomposes sulfuric acid to produce sulfur dioxide, oxygen and water. The Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Integrated Decomposer is a SiC based design concept that uses a SID for boiling, superheating and decomposing functions where the temperatures are above 250°C; From the literature review it can be found that many researches on bayonet heat exchangers have been done in the past but there are no reports on the application of the bayonet heat exchanger as a decomposer for the catalytic sulfuric acid decomposition. In the present study, fluid flow, heat transfer and chemical reaction of the decomposer for the detailed two-dimensional analysis using volume-averaged porous media approach and three-dimensional analysis with different arrangements and different types of pellets in the packed bed have been studied. The computational model was validated by comparisons with experimental result obtained from SNL; The pre-processor GAMBIT was used to create a computational mesh and the CFD software package FLUENT that is based on the finite volume method is used to produce numerical results. The equations governing the flow and heat transfer are solved numerically using finite volume techniques, additional transport equations are also solved for chemical reactions; A two-dimensional axisymmetric computational model with porous medium region located in the decomposer region with uniformly packed spherical pellets was used to calculate the decomposition of sulfur trioxide. The working fluids in the model are sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide, oxygen and water vapor. Parametric studies for different surface-to-volume ratios, Reynolds number and operation pressures are performed; To enhance the thermal efficiency of the decomposer and to decrease swirling, a three-dimensional computational model with packed bed region containing different types and arrangements of pellets is developed. The experiment was done by varying the pressure from 3 to 4.8 bar and acid flow rate from 5--15 ml/min. The decomposition percentage obtained from SNL with SID alone is 60% and SID with concentrator is 37%. The decomposition percentage obtained from numerical results is consistent with the experimental results. From the result it was found that the sulfur dioxide production (throughput) is maximum for the packed bed region with hollow cylindrical pellets

Gasification reactions of carbon anodes; multi scale reaction model

La réactivité des anodes de carbone avec le CO₂ est l'une des principales préoccupations des alumineries utilisant le procédé Hall-Héroult. Une telle réactivité n'est pas souhaitable car elle augmente la consommation nette de carbone et raccourcit ainsi la durée de vie des anodes. La surconsommation d'anode est affectée par la réactivité intrinsèque de l'anode et les phénomènes de transport de masse. Différents modèles mathématiques du processus de gazéification ont été développés pour différentes géométries et techniques : La première partie de ce travail se concentre sur la gazéification d'une seule particule d'anode de carbone avec du CO₂, en utilisant un modèle de réaction-transport détaillé, basé sur la cinétique intrinsèque de la réaction et le transport des espèces gazeuses. Le modèle comprend les équations de conservation de la masse pour les composants gazeux et les particules solides de carbone, ce qui donne un ensemble d'équations différentielles partielles non linéaires, résolues à l'aide de techniques numériques. Le modèle peut prédire le taux de génération de gaz, les compositions de gaz et le taux de consommation de carbone pendant la gazéification d'une particule de carbone. Différents modèles cinétiques ont été comparés pour décrire le comportement de gazéification des particules de carbone. Il a été constaté que le modèle de pores aléatoires (RPM) fournissait la meilleure description de la réactivité des particules d'anode. Le modèle a également prédit le retrait des particules pendant le processus de gazéification. Le modèle a été validé à l'aide de résultats expérimentaux obtenus avec différentes gammes de tailles de particules. Un bon accord entre les résultats du modèle et les données expérimentales a montré que cette approche pouvait quantifier avec succès la cinétique de gazéification et la distribution du gaz au sein de la particule anodique. De plus, le modèle Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) est utilisé afin de capturer l'effet d'inhibition du monoxyde de carbone sur la réaction de gazéification. Dans la deuxième partie, la simulation du processus de gazéification de l'anode avec du CO₂, en tant que lit de particules d'anode a été considérée. Le modèle numérique de la méthode des éléments discrets CFD multi-échelles (DEM) a été développé sur la base d'un concept eulérien-lagrangien. Le modèle comprend une méthode des éléments finis eulériens (FEM) pour le gaz et les particules solides, et un DEM lagrangien pour la phase particulaire, cette dernière visant à capturer l'effet de retrait des particules (mouvement des particules lors de la gazéification). Les propriétés physiques des particules, telles que la porosité et la surface spécifique, et les propriétés thermochimiques des particules, telles que la chaleur de réaction, sont finalement suivies. Les changements géométriques des particules, le transfert de chaleur et de masse, le retrait des particules et les réactions chimiques sont pris en compte lors de la gazéification de l'anode avec du CO₂. Les profils dynamiques de concentration et de température du réactif et des gaz produits ainsi que la conversion solide ont été modélisés à la fois dans les vides entre les particules et les pores à l'intérieur de chaque particule. Pour valider le modèle, des tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés à l'aide d'un lit de particules anodiques. Dans la dernière partie, une simulation d'une dalle d'anode a été réalisée. Le modèle contient la masse et les équations de transfert de chaleur pour les composants gazeux et les particules solides de carbone, ce qui donne un ensemble d'équations différentielles partielles non linéaires, résolues à l'aide de techniques numériques. Le modèle peut prédire le taux de génération de gaz, les compositions de gaz et le taux de consommation de carbone, la chute de pression et la distribution de température pendant la gazéification d'une particule de carbone.The reactivity of carbon anodes with CO₂ is one of the main concerns in aluminum smelters using the Hall-Héroult process. Such reactivity is not desirable because it increases the net carbon consumption and thus shortens the lifetime of the anodes. Anode overconsumption is affected by anode intrinsic reactivity and mass transport phenomena. Different mathematic models of the gasification process were developed for different geometries and technics: The first part of this work focuses on the gasification of a single carbon-anode particle with CO₂, using a detailed reaction-transport model, based on the reaction intrinsic kinetics and transport of gaseous species. The model includes the mass conservation equations for the gas components and solid carbon particles, resulting in a set of nonlinear partial differential equations, being solved using numerical techniques. The model may predict the gas generation rate, the gas composition, and the carbon consumption rate during the gasification of a carbon particle. Various kinetic models were compared to describe the gasification behavior of carbon particles. It was found that the Random pore model (RPM) provided the best description of the reactivity of anode particles. The model also predicted the particle shrinkage during the gasification process. The model was validated using experimental results obtained with different particle size ranges. Good agreement between the model results and the experimental data showed that this approach could quantify with success the gasification kinetics and the gas distribution within the anode particle. In addition, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model is used in order to capture the inhibition effect of carbon monoxide on the gasification reaction. In the second part, the simulation of the gasification process of anode with CO₂, as an anode particle bed, was considered. Numerical multiscale CFD-discrete element method (DEM) model was developed based on an Eulerian-Lagrangian concept. The model includes an Eulerian finite element method (FEM) for the gas and solid particles, and a Lagrangian DEM for the particle phase, the latter intending to capture the particle shrinkage effect (movement of particles during gasification). The physical properties of particles, such as porosity and specific surface area, and the thermochemical properties of particles, such as the heat of reaction, are ultimately tracked. Geometric changes in particles, heat and mass transfer, particle shrinkage and chemical reactions are considered during anode gasification with CO₂. The dynamic concentration and temperature profiles of the reactant and product gases as well as the solid conversion were modeled both in the voids between the particles and the pores inside each particle. To validate the model, experimental tests were performed using a bed of anode particles. In the last part, a simulation of the anode slab was carried out. The model contains the mass, and heat transfer equations for the gas components and solid carbon particles, resulting in a set of nonlinear partial differential equations, which are solved using numerical techniques. The model can predict the gas generation rate, gas compositions, and carbon consumption rate, pressure drop, and temperature distribution during the gasification of an anode slab

Technical accomplishments of the NASA Lewis Research Center, 1989

Topics addressed include: high-temperature composite materials; structural mechanics; fatigue life prediction for composite materials; internal computational fluid mechanics; instrumentation and controls; electronics; stirling engines; aeropropulsion and space propulsion programs, including a study of slush hydrogen; space power for use in the space station, in the Mars rover, and other applications; thermal management; plasma and radiation; cryogenic fluid management in space; microgravity physics; combustion in reduced gravity; test facilities and resources