Recommendation based trust model with an effective defence scheme for MANETs

YesThe reliability of delivering packets through multi-hop intermediate nodes is a significant issue in the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The distributed mobile nodes establish connections to form the MANET, which may include selfish and misbehaving nodes. Recommendation based trust management has been proposed in the literature as a mechanism to filter out the misbehaving nodes while searching for a packet delivery route. However, building a trust model that relies on the recommendations from other nodes in the network is vulnerable to the possible dishonest behaviour, such as bad-mouthing, ballot-stuffing, and collusion, of the recommending nodes. . This paper investigates the problems of attacks posed by misbehaving nodes while propagating recommendations in the existing trust models. We propose a recommendation based trust model with a defence scheme that utilises clustering technique to dynamically filter attacks related to dishonest recommendations within certain time based on number of interactions, compatibility of information and node closeness. The model is empirically tested in several mobile and disconnected topologies in which nodes experience changes in their neighbourhoods and consequently face frequent route changes. The empirical analysis demonstrates robustness and accuracy of the trust model in a dynamic MANET environment

A Novel Energy Aware Clustering Mechanism with Fuzzy Logic in MANET Environment

A Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) comprises of the vast range of devices such as sensors, smart phones, laptops and other mobile devices that connect with each other across wireless networks and collaborate in a dispersed fashion to offer network functions in the absence of a permanent infrastructure. The Cluster Head (CH) selection in a clustered MANET is still crucial for lowering each node's energy consumption and increasing the network's lifetime. However, in existing clustering mechanism trust of the all nodes are presumed those causes increased challenge in the MANET environment. Security is a crucial factor when constructing ad-hoc networks. In a MANET, energy consumption in route optimization is dependent on network resilience and connectivity. The primary objective of this study is to design a reliable clustering mechanism for MANETs that takes energy efficiency into account. For trusted energy-efficient CH in the nodes, a safe clustering strategy integrating energy-efficient and fuzzy logic based energy clustering is proposed to address security problems brought about by malicious nodes and to pick a trustworthy node as CH. To improve the problem findings Bat algorithm (BAT) is integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The PSO technique is inspired because it imitates the sociological characteristics of the flock of the birds through random population. The BAT is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by microbat echolocation behavior that uses pulse average with global optimization of the average path in the network. Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) and BAT techniques are applied to identify the best route between the source and destination. According to the simulation results, the suggested Fuzzy logic Particle Swarm Optimization BAT (FLPSO-BAT) technique has a minimum latency of 0.0019 milliseconds, with energy consumption value of 0.09 millijoules, maximal throughput of 0.76 bits per sec and detection rate of 90.5% without packet dropping attack

Enhanced Cluster Based Routing Protocol for MANETS

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are a set of self organized wireless mobile nodes that works without any predefined infrastructure. For routing data in MANETs, the routing protocols relay on mobile wireless nodes. In general, any routing protocol performance suffers i) with resource constraints and ii) due to the mobility of the nodes. Due to existing routing challenges in MANETs clustering based protocols suffers frequently with cluster head failure problem, which degrades the cluster stability. This paper proposes, Enhanced CBRP, a schema to improve the cluster stability and in-turn improves the performance of traditional cluster based routing protocol (CBRP), by electing better cluster head using weighted clustering algorithm and considering some crucial routing challenges. Moreover, proposed protocol suggests a secondary cluster head for each cluster, to increase the stability of the cluster and implicitly the network infrastructure in case of sudden failure of cluster head.Comment: 6 page

Mengenal pasti masalah pemahaman dan hubungannya dengan latar belakang matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat pelajar terhadap bab pengawalan kos makanan di Sekolah Menengah Teknik (ert) Rembau: satu kajian kes.

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji hubungan korelasi antara latar belakang Matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat dengan pemahaman pelajar terhadap bab tersebut. Responden adalah seramai 30 orang iaitu terdiri daripada pelajar tingkatan lima kursus Katering, Sekolah Menengah Teknik (ERT) Rembau, Negeri Sembilan. Instrumen kajian adalah soal selidik dan semua data dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS versi 10.0 untuk mendapatkan nilai min dan nilai korelasi bagi memenuhi objektif yang telah ditetapkan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa hubungan korelasi antara gaya pembelajaran pelajar terhadap pemahaman pelajar adalah kuat. Manakala hubungan korelasi antara latar belakang Matematik, motivasi dan minat terhadap pemahaman pelajar adalah sederhana. Nilai tahap min bagi masalah pemahaman pelajar, latar belakang Matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat terhadap bab Pengawalan Kos Makanan adalah sederhana. Kajian ini mencadangkan penghasilan satu Modul Pembelajaran Kendiri bagi bab Pengawalan Kos Makanan untuk membantu pelajar kursus Katering dalam proses pembelajaran mereka

AMISEC: Leveraging Redundancy and Adaptability to Secure AmI Applications

Security in Ambient Intelligence (AmI) poses too many challenges due to the inherently insecure nature of wireless sensor nodes. However, there are two characteristics of these environments that can be used effectively to prevent, detect, and confine attacks: redundancy and continuous adaptation. In this article we propose a global strategy and a system architecture to cope with security issues in AmI applications at different levels. Unlike in previous approaches, we assume an individual wireless node is vulnerable. We present an agent-based architecture with supporting services that is proven to be adequate to detect and confine common attacks. Decisions at different levels are supported by a trust-based framework with good and bad reputation feedback while maintaining resistance to bad-mouthing attacks. We also propose a set of services that can be used to handle identification, authentication, and authorization in intelligent ambients. The resulting approach takes into account practical issues, such as resource limitation, bandwidth optimization, and scalability

Secure Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have emerged as a promising concept to meet the challenges in next-generation networks such as providing flexible, adaptive, and reconfigurable architecture while offering cost-effective solutions to the service providers. Unlike traditional Wi-Fi networks, with each access point (AP) connected to the wired network, in WMNs only a subset of the APs are required to be connected to the wired network. The APs that are connected to the wired network are called the Internet gateways (IGWs), while the APs that do not have wired connections are called the mesh routers (MRs). The MRs are connected to the IGWs using multi-hop communication. The IGWs provide access to conventional clients and interconnect ad hoc, sensor, cellular, and other networks to the Internet. However, most of the existing routing protocols for WMNs are extensions of protocols originally designed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and thus they perform sub-optimally. Moreover, most routing protocols for WMNs are designed without security issues in mind, where the nodes are all assumed to be honest. In practical deployment scenarios, this assumption does not hold. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of security issues in WMNs and then particularly focuses on secure routing in these networks. First, it identifies security vulnerabilities in the medium access control (MAC) and the network layers. Various possibilities of compromising data confidentiality, data integrity, replay attacks and offline cryptanalysis are also discussed. Then various types of attacks in the MAC and the network layers are discussed. After enumerating the various types of attacks on the MAC and the network layer, the chapter briefly discusses on some of the preventive mechanisms for these attacks.Comment: 44 pages, 17 figures, 5 table