Idle block based methods for cloud workflow scheduling with preemptive and non-preemptive tasks

[EN] Complex workflow applications are widely used in scientific computing and economic analysis, which commonly include both preemptive and non-preemptive tasks. Cloud computing provides a convenient way for users to access different resources based on the ¿pay-as-you-go¿ model. However, different resource renting alternatives (reserved, on-demand or spot) are usually provided by the service provider. The spot instances provide a dynamic and cheaper alternative comparing to the on-demand one. However, failures often occur due to the fluctuations of the price of the instance. It is a big challenge to determine the appropriate amount of spot and on-demand resources for workflow applications with both preemptive and non-preemptive tasks. In this paper, the workflow scheduling problem with both spot and on-demand instances is considered. The objective is to minimize the total renting cost under deadline constrains. An idle time block-based method is proposed for the considered problem. Different idle time block-based searing and improving strategies are developed to construct schedules for workflow applications. Schedules are improved by a forward and backward moving mechanism. Experimental and statistical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm over a lot of tests with different sizes.This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61572127, 61272377), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFB1400800). Ruben Ruiz is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, under the project "SCHEYARD - Optimization of Scheduling Problems in Container Yards" (No. DPI2015-65895-R) financed by FEDER funds.Chen, L.; Li, X.; Ruiz García, R. (2018). Idle block based methods for cloud workflow scheduling with preemptive and non-preemptive tasks. Future Generation Computer Systems. 89:659-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.07.037S6596698

Cloud Workflow Scheduling with Deadlines and Time Slot Availability

[EN] Allocating service capacities in cloud computing is based on the assumption that they are unlimited and can be used at any time. However, available service capacities change with workload and cannot satisfy users' requests at any time from the cloud provider's perspective because cloud services can be shared by multiple tasks. Cloud service providers provide available time slots for new user's requests based on available capacities. In this paper, we consider workflow scheduling with deadline and time slot availability in cloud computing. An iterated heuristic framework is presented for the problem under study which mainly consists of initial solution construction, improvement, and perturbation. Three initial solution construction strategies, two greedy-and fair-based improvement strategies and a perturbation strategy are proposed. Different strategies in the three phases result in several heuristics. Experimental results show that different initial solution and improvement strategies have different effects on solution qualities.This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61572127, 61272377) and the Key Research & Development Program in Jiangsu Province (No. BE2015728). Ruben Ruiz is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, under the project "RESULT - Realistic Extended Scheduling Using Light Techniques" (No. DPI2012-36243-C02-01) partially financed with FEDER funds.Li, X.; Qian, L.; Ruiz García, R. (2018). Cloud Workflow Scheduling with Deadlines and Time Slot Availability. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing. 11(2):329-340. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSC.2016.2518187S32934011

A Bag-of-Tasks Scheduler Tolerant to Temporal Failures in Clouds

Cloud platforms have emerged as a prominent environment to execute high performance computing (HPC) applications providing on-demand resources as well as scalability. They usually offer different classes of Virtual Machines (VMs) which ensure different guarantees in terms of availability and volatility, provisioning the same resource through multiple pricing models. For instance, in Amazon EC2 cloud, the user pays per hour for on-demand VMs while spot VMs are unused instances available for lower price. Despite the monetary advantages, a spot VM can be terminated, stopped, or hibernated by EC2 at any moment. Using both hibernation-prone spot VMs (for cost sake) and on-demand VMs, we propose in this paper a static scheduling for HPC applications which are composed by independent tasks (bag-of-task) with deadline constraints. However, if a spot VM hibernates and it does not resume within a time which guarantees the application's deadline, a temporal failure takes place. Our scheduling, thus, aims at minimizing monetary costs of bag-of-tasks applications in EC2 cloud, respecting its deadline and avoiding temporal failures. To this end, our algorithm statically creates two scheduling maps: (i) the first one contains, for each task, its starting time and on which VM (i.e., an available spot or on-demand VM with the current lowest price) the task should execute; (ii) the second one contains, for each task allocated on a VM spot in the first map, its starting time and on which on-demand VM it should be executed to meet the application deadline in order to avoid temporal failures. The latter will be used whenever the hibernation period of a spot VM exceeds a time limit. Performance results from simulation with task execution traces, configuration of Amazon EC2 VM classes, and VMs market history confirms the effectiveness of our scheduling and that it tolerates temporal failures

Allocating MapReduce workflows with deadlines to heterogeneous servers in a cloud data center

[EN] Total profit is one of the most important factors to be considered from the perspective of resource providers. In this paper, an original MapReduce workflow scheduling with deadline and data locality is proposed to maximize total profit of resource providers. A new workflow conversion based on dynamic programming and ChainMap/ChainReduce is designed to decrease transmission times among MapReduce jobs of workflows. A new deadline division considering execution time, float time and job level is proposed to obtain better deadlines of MapReduce jobs in workflows. With the adapted replica strategy in MapReduce workflow, a new task scheduling is proposed to improve data locality which assigns tasks to servers with the earliest completion time in order to ensure resource providers obtain more profit. Experimental results show that the proposed heuristic results in larger total profit than other adopted algorithms.This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFB1400801), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61872077, 61832004) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Wireless Communications Technology. Rubén Ruiz is partly supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, under the project ¿OPTEP-Port Terminal Operations Optimization¿ (No. RTI2018-094940-B-I00) financed with FEDER funds¿.Wang, J.; Li, X.; Ruiz García, R.; Xu, H.; Chu, D. (2020). Allocating MapReduce workflows with deadlines to heterogeneous servers in a cloud data center. Service Oriented Computing and Applications. 14(2):101-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11761-020-00290-1S101118142Zaharia M, Chowdhury M, Franklin M et al (2010) Spark: cluster computing with working sets. In: Usenix conference on hot topics in cloud computing, pp 1765–1773Li L, Ma Z, Liu L et al (2013) Hadoop-based ARIMA algorithm and its application in weather forecast. Int J Database Theory Appl 6(5):119–132Xun Y, Zhang J, Qin X (2017) FiDoop: parallel mining of frequent itemsets using MapReduce. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 46(3):313–325Wang Y, Shi W (2014) Budget-driven scheduling algorithms for batches of MapReduce jobs in heterogeneous clouds. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput 2(3):306–319Tiwari N, Sarkar S, Bellur U et al (2015) Classification framework of MapReduce scheduling algorithms. ACM Comput Surv 47(3):1–49Bu Y, Howe B, Balazinska M et al (2012) The HaLoop approach to large-scale iterative data analysis. VLDB J 21(2):169–190Gunarathne T, Zhang B, Wu T et al (2013) Scalable parallel computing on clouds using Twister4Azure iterative MapReduce. Future Gener Comput Syst 29(4):1035–1048Zhang Y, Gao Q, Gao L et al (2012) iMapReduce: a distributed computing framework for iterative computation. J Grid Comput 10(1):47–68Dong X, Wang Y, Liao H (2011) Scheduling mixed real-time and non-real-time applications in MapReduce environment. In: International conference on parallel and distributed systems, pp 9–16Tang Z, Zhou J, Li K et al (2013) A MapReduce task scheduling algorithm for deadline constraints. Clust Comput 16(4):651–662Zhang W, Rajasekaran S, Wood T et al (2014) MIMP: deadline and interference aware scheduling of Hadoop virtual machines. In: International symposium on cluster, cloud and grid computing, pp 394–403Teng F, Magoulès F, Yu L et al (2014) A novel real-time scheduling algorithm and performance analysis of a MapReduce-based cloud. J Supercomput 69(2):739–765Palanisamy B, Singh A, Liu L (2015) Cost-effective resource provisioning for MapReduce in a cloud. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 26(5):1265–1279Hashem I, Anuar N, Marjani M et al (2018) Multi-objective scheduling of MapReduce jobs in big data processing. Multimed Tools Appl 77(8):9979–9994Xu X, Tang M, Tian Y (2017) QoS-guaranteed resource provisioning for cloud-based MapReduce in dynamical environments. Future Gener Comput Syst 78(1):18–30Li H, Wei X, Fu Q et al (2014) MapReduce delay scheduling with deadline constraint. Concurr Comput Pract Exp 26(3):766–778Polo J, Becerra Y, Carrera D et al (2013) Deadline-based MapReduce workload management. IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manag 10(2):231–244Chen C, Lin J, Kuo S (2018) MapReduce scheduling for deadline-constrained jobs in heterogeneous cloud computing systems. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput 6(1):127–140Kao Y, Chen Y (2016) Data-locality-aware MapReduce real-time scheduling framework. J Syst Softw 112:65–77Bok K, Hwang J, Lim J et al (2017) An efficient MapReduce scheduling scheme for processing large multimedia data. Multimed Tools Appl 76(16):1–24Chen Y, Borthakur D, Borthakur D et al (2012) Energy efficiency for large-scale MapReduce workloads with significant interactive analysis. In: ACM european conference on computer systems, pp 43–56Mashayekhy L, Nejad M, Grosu D et al (2015) Energy-aware scheduling of MapReduce jobs for big data applications. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 26(10):2720–2733Lei H, Zhang T, Liu Y et al (2015) SGEESS: smart green energy-efficient scheduling strategy with dynamic electricity price for data center. J Syst Softw 108:23–38Oliveira D, Ocana K, Baiao F et al (2012) A provenance-based adaptive scheduling heuristic for parallel scientific workflows in clouds. J Grid Comput 10(3):521–552Li S, Hu S, Abdelzaher T (2015) The packing server for real-time scheduling of MapReduce workflows. In: IEEE real-time and embedded technology and applications symposium, pp 51–62Cai Z, Li X, Ruiz R et al (2017) A delay-based dynamic scheduling algorithm for bag-of-task workflows with stochastic task execution times in clouds. Future Gener Comput Syst 71:57–72Cai Z, Li X, Ruiz R (2017) Resource provisioning for task-batch based workflows with deadlines in public clouds. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.2017.2663426Cai Z, Li X, Gupta J (2016) Heuristics for provisioning services to workflows in XaaS clouds. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 9(2):250–263Li X, Cai Z (2017) Elastic resource provisioning for cloud workflow applications. IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng 14(2):1195–1210Tang Z, Liu M, Ammar A et al (2014) An optimized MapReduce workflow scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous computing. J Supercomput 72(6):1–21Xu C, Yang J, Yin K et al (2017) Optimal construction of virtual networks for cloud-based MapReduce workflows. Comput Netw 112:194–207Chiara S, Danilo A, Gianpaolo C et al (2013) Optimizing service selection and allocation in situational computing applications. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 6(3):414–428Baresi L, Elisabetta D, Carlo G et al (2007) A framework for the deployment of adaptable web service compositions. Serv Oriented Comput Appl 1(1):75–91Lim H, Herodotou H, Babu S (2012) Stubby: a transformation-based optimizer for MapReduce workflows. VLDB Endow 5(11):1196–1207Ke H, Li P, Guo S et al (2016) On traffic-aware partition and aggregation in MapReduce for big data applications. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 27(3):818–828Yu W, Wang Y, Que X et al (2015) Virtual shuffling for efficient data movement in MapReduce. IEEE Trans Comput 64(2):556–568Chowdhury M, Zaharia M, Ma J et al (2011) Managing data transfers in computer clusters with orchestra. ACM SIGCOMM Comput Commun 41(4):98–109Guo D, Xie J, Zhou X et al (2015) Exploiting efficient and scalable shuffle transfers in future data center network. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 26(4):997–1009Li D, Yu Y, He W et al (2015) Willow: saving data center network energy for network-limited flows. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 26(9):2610–2620Tan J, Meng X, Zhang L (2013) Coupling task progress for MapReduce resource-aware scheduling. In: IEEE INFOCOM, pp 1618–1626Hammoud M, Rehman M, Sakr M (2012) Center-of-gravity reduce task scheduling to lower MapReduce network traffic. In: International conference on cloud computing, pp 49–58Guo Z, Fox G, Zhou M et al (2012) Improving resource utilization in MapReduce. In: International conference on cluster computing, pp 402–410Fischer M, Su X, Yin Y (2010) Assigning tasks for efficiency in Hadoop. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures, pp 30–39Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Wu W et al (2014) Minimizing makespan and total completion time in MapReduce-like systems. In: IEEE INFOCOM, pp 2166–2174Kavulya S, Tan J, Gandhi R et al (2010) An analysis of traces from a production MapReduce cluster. In: IEEE/ACM international conference on cluster, cloud and grid computing, pp 94–103Abrishami S, Naghibzadeh M, Epema D (2013) Deadline-constrained workflow scheduling algorithms for Infrastructure as a Service clouds. Future Gener Comput Syst 29(1):158–169Fernando B, Edmundo R (2010) Towards the scheduling of multiple workflows on computational grids. J Grid Comput 8(3):419–441Tiwari N, Sarkar S, Bellur U et al (2015) Classification framework of MapReduce scheduling algorithms. ACM Comput Surv 47(3):1–38Verma A, Cherkasova L, Campbell R (2013) Orchestrating an ensemble of MapReduce jobs for minimizing their makespan. IEEE Trans Dependable Secur Comput 10(5):314–327Heintz B, Chandra A, Sitaraman R et al (2017) End-to-end optimization for geo-distributed MapReduce. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput 4(3):293–306Chen L, Li X (2018) Cloud workflow scheduling with hybrid resource provisioning. J Supercomput 74(12):6529–6553Li X, Jiang T, Ruiz R (2016) Heuristics for periodical batch job scheduling in a MapReduce computing framework. Inf Sci 326:119–133Vanhoucheabcd M, Maenhout B, Tavares L (2008) An evaluation of the adequacy of project network generators with systematically sampled networks. Eur J Oper Res 187(2):511–52

Data Replication and Its Alignment with Fault Management in the Cloud Environment

Nowadays, the exponential data growth becomes one of the major challenges all over the world. It may cause a series of negative impacts such as network overloading, high system complexity, and inadequate data security, etc. Cloud computing is developed to construct a novel paradigm to alleviate massive data processing challenges with its on-demand services and distributed architecture. Data replication has been proposed to strategically distribute the data access load to multiple cloud data centres by creating multiple data copies at multiple cloud data centres. A replica-applied cloud environment not only achieves a decrease in response time, an increase in data availability, and more balanced resource load but also protects the cloud environment against the upcoming faults. The reactive fault tolerance strategy is also required to handle the faults when the faults already occurred. As a result, the data replication strategies should be aligned with the reactive fault tolerance strategies to achieve a complete management chain in the cloud environment. In this thesis, a data replication and fault management framework is proposed to establish a decentralised overarching management to the cloud environment. Three data replication strategies are firstly proposed based on this framework. A replica creation strategy is proposed to reduce the total cost by jointly considering the data dependency and the access frequency in the replica creation decision making process. Besides, a cloud map oriented and cost efficiency driven replica creation strategy is proposed to achieve the optimal cost reduction per replica in the cloud environment. The local data relationship and the remote data relationship are further analysed by creating two novel data dependency types, Within-DataCentre Data Dependency and Between-DataCentre Data Dependency, according to the data location. Furthermore, a network performance based replica selection strategy is proposed to avoid potential network overloading problems and to increase the number of concurrent-running instances at the same time

Workflow Scheduling Techniques and Algorithms in IaaS Cloud: A Survey

In the modern era, workflows are adopted as a powerful and attractive paradigm for expressing/solving a variety of applications like scientific, data intensive computing, and big data applications such as MapReduce and Hadoop. These complex applications are described using high-level representations in workflow methods. With the emerging model of cloud computing technology, scheduling in the cloud becomes the important research topic. Consequently, workflow scheduling problem has been studied extensively over the past few years, from homogeneous clusters, grids to the most recent paradigm, cloud computing. The challenges that need to be addressed lies in task-resource mapping, QoS requirements, resource provisioning, performance fluctuation, failure handling, resource scheduling, and data storage. This work focuses on the complete study of the resource provisioning and scheduling algorithms in cloud environment focusing on Infrastructure as a service (IaaS). We provided a comprehensive understanding of existing scheduling techniques and provided an insight into research challenges that will be a possible future direction to the researchers

Constructing Reliable Computing Environments on Top of Amazon EC2 Spot Instances

Cloud provider Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) gives access to resources in the form of virtual servers, also known as instances. EC2 spot instances (SIs) offer spare computational capacity at steep discounts compared to reliable and fixed price on-demand instances. The drawback, however, is that the delay in acquiring spots can be incredible high. Moreover, SIs may not always be available as they can be reclaimed by EC2 at any given time, with a two-minute interruption notice. In this paper, we propose a multi-workflow scheduling algorithm, allied with a container migration-based mechanism, to dynamically construct and readjust virtual clusters on top of non-reserved EC2 pricing model instances. Our solution leverages recent findings on performance and behavior characteristics of EC2 spots. We conducted simulations by submitting real-life workflow applications, constrained by user-defined deadline and budget quality of service (QoS) parameters. The results indicate that our solution improves the rate of completed tasks by almost 20%, and the rate of completed workflows by at least 30%, compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms, for a worse-case scenarioinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Resource Provisioning for Task-Batch Based Workflows with Deadlines in Public Clouds

[EN] To meet the dynamic workload requirements in widespread task-batch based workflow applications, it is important to design algorithms for DAG-based platforms (such as Dryad, Spark and Pegasus) to rent virtual machines from public clouds dynamically. In terms of depths and functionalities, tasks of different task-batches are merged into task-units. A unit-aware deadline division method is investigated for properly dividing workflow deadlines to task deadlines so as to minimize the utilization of rented intervals. A rule-based task scheduling method is presented for allocating tasks to time slots of rented Virtual Machines (VMs) with a task right shifting operation and a weighted priority composite rule. A Unit-aware Rule-based Heuristic (URH) is proposed for elastically provisioning VMs to task-batch based workflows to minimize the rental cost in DAG-based cloud platforms. Effectiveness of the proposed URH methods is verified by comparing them against two adapted existing algorithms for similar problems on some realistic workflows.The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive and useful comments. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.61602243 and 61572127), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.BK20160846), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Safety (Grant No. 30916014107). Ruben Ruiz is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, under the project "SCHEYARD" (DPI2015-65895-R) financed by FEDER funds.Cai, Z.; Li, X.; Ruiz García, R. (2019). Resource Provisioning for Task-Batch Based Workflows with Deadlines in Public Clouds. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing. 7(3):814-826. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.2017.2663426S8148267

Scheduling Periodical Multi-Stage Jobs With Fuzziness to Elastic Cloud Resources

© 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permissíon from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertisíng or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.[EN] We investigate a workflow scheduling problem with stochastic task arrival times and fuzzy task processing times and due dates. The problem is common in many real-time and workflow-based applications, where tasks with fixed stage number and linearly dependency are executed on scalable cloud resources with multiple price options. The challenges lie in proposing effective, stable, and robust algorithms under stochastic and fuzzy tasks. A triangle fuzzy number-based model is formulated. Two metrics are explored: the cost and the degree of satisfaction. An iterated heuristic framework is proposed to periodically schedule tasks, which consists of a task collection and a fuzzy task scheduling phases. Two task collection strategies are presented and two task prioritization strategies are employed. In order to achieve a high satisfaction degree, deadline constraints are defined at both job and task levels. By designing delicate experiments and applying sophisticated statistical techniques, experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more effective and robust than the two existing methods.This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFB1400800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61672297, 61872077, and 61832004), the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No. 18KJB520039) and the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China (Grant No. 2018M640510). Ruben Ruiz was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, under the project "OPTEP-Port Terminal Operations Optimization" (No. RTI2018-094940-B-I00) financed with FEDER funds. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback on this work.Zhu, J.; Li, X.; Ruiz García, R.; Li, W.; Huang, H.; Zomaya, AY. (2020). Scheduling Periodical Multi-Stage Jobs With Fuzziness to Elastic Cloud Resources. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems. 31(12):2819-2833. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2020.3004134S28192833311