1,742 research outputs found

    An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid

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    This Article will discuss the vision of a new green urban grid that relies on decentralized generation and storage, energy efficiency, and demand response. Much of the literature focuses on the development of aspects of the green grid, such as energy efficiency, without consideration of how these resources should be integrated to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, maintain reliability, and create economic opportunity. After discussing the components of the green urban grid, this Article will discuss why integrating these components is essential to meeting renewable policy goals, and finally, this Article will discuss steps that regulators and policymakers can take to encourage the development of this integrated green urban grid

    An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid

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    This Article will discuss the vision of a new green urban grid that relies on decentralized generation and storage, energy efficiency, and demand response. Much of the literature focuses on the development of aspects of the green grid, such as energy efficiency, without consideration of how these resources should be integrated to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, maintain reliability, and create economic opportunity. After discussing the components of the green urban grid, this Article will discuss why integrating these components is essential to meeting renewable policy goals, and finally, this Article will discuss steps that regulators and policymakers can take to encourage the development of this integrated green urban grid

    Earth observations and global change decision making: A special bibliography, 1991

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    The first section of the bibliography contains 294 bibliographic citations and abstracts of relevant reports, articles, and documents announced in 'Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR)' and 'International Aerospace Abstracts (IAA)'. These abstracts are categorized by the following major subject divisions: aeronautics, astronautics, chemistry and materials, engineering, geosciences, life sciences, mathematical and computer sciences, physics, social sciences, space sciences and general. Following the abstract section, seven indexes are provided for further assistance

    Utilizing a transport management system to reduce the carbon footprint of transportation in a global marine and energy technology organization

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    The importance of sustainable development is constantly growing, and sustainability has be- come a desired characteristic among companies. Today, this is highlighted by various sustaina- bility goals that companies commit to meet the requirements of climate laws and consumers' more ecological choices along with the volume of research conducted on the matter. Companies must consider the carbon footprint of their operations to achieve their aim of lowering emis- sions. Because the transportation industry is one of the largest producers of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide, focusing on it enables huge emission reductions across supply chains. This master's thesis is conducted as a case study for a company. The objective of the thesis is to find out the most effective ways to utilize a transport management system used by the case company to reduce the carbon footprint caused by the transportation of the incoming material flow. The thesis aims to investigate what factors contribute to the carbon footprint of transpor- tation in the case company, how emissions can be measured using a transport management system, and how its utilization affects time, cost, and reliability when choosing more environ- mentally friendly modes of transportation. To achieve these objectives, internal interviews were performed at the case company, and the features of the transport management system were familiarized. The research is a qualitative case study. The theoretical part of the research focuses on the var- ious modes of freight transportation and the related emissions, as well as the functions and role of transport management systems in measuring and controlling emissions from transportation. The objective of the empirical part of the research is to describe the current transportation pro- cesses of the case company and the generation of the carbon footprint of transportation and to examine how the transport management system is currently utilized in the case company. The research methods include a literature review, interviews, and presentations related to the transport management system. The research provided insight into the elements of the carbon footprint of transportation in the case company and the potential for more effective utilization of the transport management sys- tem in measuring and reducing emissions. The main sources of emissions in the case company were discovered to be air freight and road freight transportation. The transport management system has been used to support the transportation process in the background, and the system offers several features that have not yet been fully used, that allow emissions to be measured and decreased when effectively utilized. Data collection and integration with the transport man- agement system make it possible to obtain comparable reports that can be used to guide future strategic choices regarding transportation and transportation providers.Kestävän kehityksen merkitys on jatkuvassa kasvussa ja kestävyydestä on tullut tavoiteltava omi- naisuus yritysten keskuudessa. Tämä korostuu nykypäivänä erilaisilla kestävillä tavoitteilla, joi- hin yritykset sitoutuvat vastatakseen ilmastolakien vaatimuksiin ja kuluttajien ekologisempiin valintoihin, ja aiheesta on tehty myös useita tutkimuksia. Saavuttaakseen päämääränsä päästö- jen vähentämiseksi, yritysten on kiinnitettävä huomiota toimintansa hiilijalanjälkeen. Kuljetus- sektori on yksi suurimmista hiilidioksidipäästöjen aiheuttajista maailmassa ja siksi siihen keskit- tymällä on mahdollista saavuttaa merkittäviäkin päästövähennyksiä toimitusketjuissa. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma on toteutettu tapaustutkimuksena yritykselle. Tutkielman tavoit- teena on selvittää tehokkaimmat tavat hyödyntää tapausyrityksen käyttämää kuljetustenhallin- tajärjestelmää niin, että on mahdollista pienentää saapuvan materiaalin kuljetuksista syntyvää hiilijalanjälkeä. Lisäksi tavoitteena on tutkia, mistä kuljetusten hiilijalanjälki tapausyrityksessä muodostuu, miten päästöjä on mahdollista mitata kuljetustenhallintajärjestelmän avulla ja mil- laisia vaikutuksia sen hyödyntämisellä on aikaan, kustannuksiin ja luotettavuuteen, kun valitaan ympäristöystävällisempiä kuljetusmuotoja. Näiden tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi on suoritettu tapausyrityksen sisäisiä haastatteluja sekä perehdytty käytössä olevan kuljetustenhallintajärjes- telmän tarjoamiin ominaisuuksiin. Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen tapaustutkimus. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen osuus käsittelee rahtikul- jetusten eri muotoja ja niihin liittyviä päästöjä sekä kuljetustenhallintajärjestelmien toimintaa ja roolia kuljetuksista syntyvien päästöjen mittaamisessa ja hallitsemisessa. Tutkielman empiiri- sessä osuudessa on tarkoitus kuvata tapausyrityksen nykyisiä kuljetusprosesseja ja kuljetusten hiilijalanjäljen muodostumista sekä tarkastella, miten kuljetustenhallintajärjestelmää tutkimus- hetkellä hyödynnetään tapausyrityksessä. Tutkielman tiedonkeruumenetelmiä ovat kirjallisuus- katsaus, haastattelut ja kuljetustenhallintajärjestelmään liittyvät esitelmät ja esitysmateriaalit. Tuloksena saatiin näkemys siitä, mistä kuljetusten hiilijalanjälki tapausyrityksessä muodostuu ja tunnistettiin mahdollisuuksia kuljetustenhallintajärjestelmän tehokkaammalle hyödyntämiselle päästöjen mittaamisessa ja vähentämisessä. Tapausyrityksen suurimmiksi päästöjen aiheutta- jiksi kuljetusmuodoista todettiin lentorahti ja maantiekuljetukset. Kuljetustenhallintajärjestel- mää on hyödynnetty tapausyrityksessä kuljetusprosessin taustalla ja järjestelmässä on useita ominaisuuksia, joita ei vielä ole hyödynnetty ja jotka mahdollistavat päästöjen mittaamisen ja vähentämisen, kun niitä hyödynnetään tehokkaasti. Dataa keräämällä ja yhdistämällä sen kulje- tustenhallintajärjestelmään on mahdollista saada vertailukelpoisia raportteja, joiden perusteella tapausyritys voi jatkossa tehdä strategisia päätöksiä kuljetuksiin ja kuljetusyrityksiin liittyen

    Focusing on the case analysis of advanced smart ports

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    학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2023. 2. Lee, Soo-young.본 연구에서는 최근 각광받고 있는 스마트 항만의 개념과 항만 경쟁력과의 관계를 고찰해 보고, 선진 스마트 항만에 대한 다각적인 분석을 통해 우리나라 스마트 항만 발전 방향에 대한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 A. Molavi 외의 연구에서 확립된 스마트 항만 평가 척도의 4가지 측면, 운영측면(Operation), 환경측면(Environment), 에너지 측면(Energy), 그리고 안전과 보안 측면(Safety & Security)의 분석틀을 활용하여 스마트 항만 개발과 발전에 가장 앞선 네덜란드의 로테르담 항만과 독일의 함부르크 항만의 정책 분석을 시도하였다. A. Molavi 외의 연구는 측정 가능한 스마트화 지수를 발전시켜 각 항만의 스마트화 정도를 가늠하고 장단점을 파악할 수 있게 하기 위한 취지에서 개발되었다. 하지만 본 연구에서는 스마트 항만의 평가 척도를 활용하되 질적인 분석으로 접근하여 정책 활용 측면에서 유용한 시사점을 도출하는데 목적을 두었다. 또한 동일한 틀을 활용하여 현재 부산 컨테이너 터미널의 스마트 항만 발전 계획을 분석하고 발전방향 설정에 도움을 주고자 하였다. 우선 운영 측면에서 선진 스마트 항만들은 항만 내 하역 전 과정의 완전 자동화를 달성하였고, 이에 그치지 않고 항만 내 모든 과정을 4차 산업혁명의 첨단 기술들을 활용하여 무인화와 효율화를 추구하였다. 이 과정에서 A.I, IoT, 블록체인 등 4차 산업혁명의 핵심 기술들을 적극 활용하여 항만의 전체적인 모습을 변화시켜 가고 있으며, 비용절감과 생산성 증대 등 직접적인 효과뿐만 아니라 글로벌 물류의 핵심 구심점으로써 스마트 항만의 가능성을 발전시켜 나가고 있다. 이를 통해 항만 경쟁력 향상은 물론 물류 포털로써의 지위를 선점하기 위한 경쟁도 심화되고 있다. 환경 측면에서는 친환경 항만에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 항만은 더 이상 도시와 분리되어 존재하는 독립된 영역이 아닌, 인접 도시 주민들과 상호 영향을 주고받으며 발전하는 호혜적인 관계를 구축해야 한다는데 공감대가 형성되고 있다. 이를 위해 그동안 항만 활동을 통해 야기되었던 환경 오염 문제를 줄이고 지역사회에 기여하기 위한 노력들이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 전력에 기반한 친환경 하역장비로 대체하고, 선박의 연료를 친환경 연료로 전환하는 노력이 진행 중이다. 항만 내 유휴부지를 활용해 신재생에너지를 발전하고 인근 지역에 공급하는 방안과, 항만의 환경 문제를 IoT 기술을 활용하여 실시간으로 감시하고 공유하는 시스템을 구축하여 항만의 지속 가능한 발전을 의도하며 탄소 중립 사회로의 진전에 중요한 역할을 자처하고 있다. 에너지 측면에서는 스마트 항만이 미래 수소 사회의 핵심 공급 기지가 될 전망이다. 해상 물류와 육상 물류가 결합되는 기능적 이점을 활용하여 수소의 생산과 저장, 분배 등 수소 경제의 핵심 인프라를 항만 내 구축하고 항만 기능과의 결합을 시도하고 있다. 이를 위해 선진 항만들은 대규모 파이프 라인을 건설하는 프로젝트들을 진행하며 미래를 준비하고 있다. 안전과 보안 측면에서는 항만이 첨단 기술 활용의 경연장이 되고 있다. 항공 및 해상, 수중 드론 등 첨단 장비들을 활용하여 드넓은 항만을 가상 현실세계인 트윈 타워에 이식하고 인공지능에 의한 실시간 관리 감독이 가능한 시스템이 구축되고 있다. 항만 내 하역작업의 무인화는 안전사고의 위험을 획기적으로 줄일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 사각 지대가 없는 관리 감독도 가능해져 항만 내 재난사고와 밀입국 등의 문제를 근본적으로 변화시킬 것으로 기대되고 있다. 하지만 선진 스마트 항만에서 추구하는 근본적인 방향은 세계 물류의 핵심 포털을 구축하는 것이며 이를 위해 항만의 역할은 기존의 지역적인 한계를 넘어 기능적으로 그리고 물리적으로 팽창하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 일찍이 자동화 항만의 발전을 시작한 유럽 항만은 물론 인근 중국과 싱가포르의 자동화 항만과 비교해도 뒤쳐지고 있는 것이 현실이다. 이를 만회하기 위해 중앙 정부 차원에서 스마트 해상물류체계 구축 전략을 수립하고 2030년 스마트 항만의 본격적인 운영을 계획하고 있다. 하지만 본 계획은 전반적인 물류 기능 중 하위 요소로 스마트 항만을 인식하고 있으며, 이는 스마트 항만을 자동화 항만이라는 좁은 측면에서만 바라보고 있는 것으로, 항만의 미래 잠재력에 대한 선진 항만들의 인식과는 큰 차이가 있다고 하겠다. 또한 스마트 항만의 발전 과정에서 민간 기업과 항만 이해관계자들이 적극적으로 참여하고 협력하여 스마트 항만의 모습을 그려가는 선진 항만과는 달리 우리나라의 경우 여전히 정부 주도 발전 방식을 고수하고 있으며, 가장 주도적인 역할을 해야 할 항만 공사들의 역할이 미미한 것은 한계라고 하겠다. 그리고 향후 탄소 중립 사회로의 이행의무 등 환경적인 문제와 친환경 에너지로의 전환이 중요시되고 있는 시점에서 이에 대한 근본적인 전환계획이나 항만의 새로운 역할에 대한 고민이 부족한 것도 비교 연구를 통해 도출할 수 있었다. 유럽의 항만들과는 달리 수소 경제로의 이행에 있어 항만의 핵심적 역할이 빠져 있다는 것은 스마트 항만에 대한 인식 부족에서 비롯된 것으로 보이며 이에 대한 정책적 개선이 필요한 것으로 보인다.This study examines the relationship between the concept of smart ports and port competitiveness, which have recently been in the spotlight, and attempts to derive implications for Korea's smart port development direction through various analysis of advanced smart ports. To this end, this research attempted to analyze the policies of Rotterdam Port in the Netherlands and Hamburg Port in Germany, which are most advanced in smart port development and development, using the analysis framework of four smart port evaluation measures established in A. Molavi et al. In terms of operation, advanced smart ports achieved complete automation of the entire loading and unloading process in the port, and not only this, but all processes in the port were pursued for unmanned and efficient use of the advanced technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution. In terms of the environment, interest in eco-friendly ports is increasing. There is a consensus that ports should no longer be independent areas that exist separately from cities, but should establish reciprocal relationships that interact and develop with residents of neighboring cities. In terms of energy, smart ports are expected to become a key supply base for the future hydrogen society. Taking advantage of the functional advantages of combining marine logistics and land logistics, the core infrastructure of the hydrogen economy, such as hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, is built in ports and attempted to combine them with port functions. In terms of safety and security, ports are becoming a competition for the use of advanced technology. Using high-tech equipment such as aviation, sea, and underwater drones, a system that allows real-time management and supervision by artificial intelligence is being established by transplanting a wide port into a virtual reality twin tower. In the case of Korea, the reality is that it is lagging behind not only European ports that started the development of automated ports early but also automated ports in neighboring China and Singapore. To make up for this, the central government has established a "smart maritime logistics system construction strategy" and plans to operate smart ports in earnest in 2030. However, this plan recognizes smart ports as a sub-factor of the overall logistics function, which only looks at smart ports in the narrow aspect of automated ports, which is very different from advanced ports' perceptions of the future potential of ports. In addition, unlike advanced ports in which private companies and port stakeholders actively participate and cooperate in the development of smart ports, Korea still adheres to the government-led development method, and the role of port authorities to play the most leading role is insignificant. In addition, at a time when environmental problems such as the obligation to transition to a carbon-neutral society in the future and the transition to eco-friendly energy are becoming important, this comparative study was able to derive the lack of concern about the fundamental transition plan or the new role of ports. Unlike ports in Europe, the absence of a key role in the transition to a hydrogen economy seems to stem from a lack of awareness of smart ports, and policy improvements are needed.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background 1 1.2. Scope and Method of Study 2 Chapter 2. Theoretical Discussions and Prior Study Reviews 4 2.1. Theoretical discussion of smart ports 4 2.1.1. Significance of Ports 4 2.1.2. Development of Ports 5 2.1.3. Prior Study of Smart Ports 6 2.1.4. Smart Port Index (SPI) 9 2.2. Theoretical discussion of port competitiveness 11 2.2.1 The Concept of Port Competitiveness 11 2.2.2. A Prior Study on Port Competitiveness 13 2.2.3. Port Competitiveness and Performance Evaluation 15 2.3. The relationship between smart ports and port competitiveness 17 2.3.1. Smart Port Components and Port Competitiveness 17 2.3.2. Trends in Smart Port Development 23 2.4. Results of previous study review 27 3.1. Analysis Targets and Data 28 3.2. Analytical Model 29 Chapter 3. Case Analysis 32 3.1. Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) 32 3.1.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction 32 3.1.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port 34 3.1.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port 37 3.1.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port 39 3.1.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port 41 3.1.6. Implications 43 3.2. Port of Hamburg (Germany) 45 3.2.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction 45 3.2.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port 48 3.2.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port 51 3.2.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port 53 3.2.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port 55 3.2.5. Implications 56 3.3. Port of Busan (S.Korea) 58 3.3.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction 58 3.3.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port 60 3.3.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port 62 3.3.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port 63 3.3.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port 64 Chapter 4. Conclusion 66 4.1. Results of Research 66 4.2. Policy Implications 70 4.3. Limitations of Research 74 Bibliography 76 Abstract in Korean 82석

    Exploring sustainable pathways for urban traffic decarbonization: vehicle technologies, management strategies, and driving behaviour

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    The global fight against climate change and air pollution prioritizes the transition to sustainable transportation options. Understanding the impacts of various sustainable pathways on emissions, travel time, and costs is crucial for researchers and policymakers. This research conducts a comprehensive microsimulation of traffic and emissions in downtown Toronto, Canada, to examine decarbonization scenarios. The resulting 140 scenarios involve different fuel types, Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAV) penetration rates, and routing strategies combined with driving style. To achieve this, transformers-based prediction models accurately forecast Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions and average speed for eco-routing. The study finds that 100% battery electric vehicles have the lowest GHG emissions, showing their potential as a sustainable transportation solution. However, challenges related to cost and availability persist. Hybrid Electric Vehicles and e-fuels demonstrate considerable emission reductions, emerging as promising alternatives. Integrating CAVs with anticipatory routing strategies significantly reduces GHG emissions. Additionally, eco-driving practices and eco-routing strategies have a notable impact on NOx emissions and travel time. Comprehensive cost analysis provides valuable insights into the economic implications of various strategies and technologies. These findings offer guidance to various stakeholders in formulating effective strategies, behaviour changes, and policies for emission reduction and sustainable transportation development

    Integration of GIS and DSS: a methodology to evaluate low carbon strategies in a smart urban metabolism context

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    An Urban Metabolism system can be examined by evaluating the incoming and outgoing energy flows of a city. Academics and researchers have utilized Urban Metabolism framework to analyze different urban areas and have begun to extend the framework beyond the city-region unit of analysis to inform related aspects of the Urban Metabolism: in this context UM framework is a tool that can be useful in the decision making process. This study aims to be an opportunity and an example of environmental analysis of UM, from the point of view of CO2eq emissions and absorptions. A multi-objective Decision Support System is developed with the aim of minimizing the environmental, social and economic impacts of the CO2eq emissions at the municipal level. The Decision Support System has been implemented and a few scenario analyses were developed: enhancement of energy efficiency of residential and industrial buildings, increase of green areas, production of electricity by means of photovoltaic installation on site, efficiency of the vehicle fleet and finally, proper recycling of waste. The municipality of Tavagnacco recognizes this approach as a new perspective of analysis for a future comparison project with other municipalities. From this comparison it is expected to get results that can accredit the most convenient method from the environmental, social and economic point of view, and can offer the basis for the improvement of energy efficiency. Results of this work can provide evidence in support of an increased awareness in issues related to the CO2eq reduction.Il metabolismo di un sistema urbano pu`o essere esaminato cercando di sviluppare e comprendere i flussi energetici in ingresso e in uscita dalla citt`a. Accademici e ricercatori hanno utilizzato questo approccio al fine di valutare diverse aree urbane e hanno recentemente esteso il quadro di indagine al di l`a dell\u2019unit`a di citt`a-regione al fine di utilizzare questo strumento nell\u2019ambito del processo decisionale di pianificazione del territorio. Questo percorso vuole definire una possibile metodologia e un esempio di approccio spaziale ad un\u2019analisi di bilancio comunale di CO2eq. E\u2019 stato sviluppato un Sistema di Supporto alle Decisioni multiobiettivo, con il fine di minimizzare l\u2019impatto ambientale oltre a quello sociale e quello economico delle emissioni di CO2eq su scala comunale. Il Sistema di Supporto alle Decisioni ha previsto l\u2019implementazione di alcuni scenari di analisi quali l\u2019incentivazione dell\u2019efficientamento energetico degli edi- fici residenziali ma anche industriali, l\u2019aumento delle aree a verde, la produzione di energia elettrica in loco mediante impianto fotovoltaico, l\u2019efficientamento del parco veicolare e infine una valida raccolta differenziata. Il comune di Tavagnacco conosce le sfide future in merito ai problemi ambientali e si impegna in un progetto pilota di valutazione delle emissioni di CO2eq. In un prossimo futuro si delinea un lavoro di confronto tra comuni che utilizzano metodi di abbattimento delle emissioni. Da questo confronto ci si aspetta di ottenere risultati che possano accreditare il metodo pi`u conveniente dal punto di vista ambientale, economico e sociale, e quindi offrire delle basi per una valutazione sull\u2019opportunit`a di miglioramento ed efficientamento energetico a livello comunale e sovracomunale. Si auspica che i risultati di questo lavoro possano offrire elementi convincenti a supporto di un atteggiamento sempre pi`u attento alle problematiche legate alla riduzione delle emissioni di CO2eq
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