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    Automatic Multi-Label Image Classification Model for Construction Site Images

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๋ฐ•๋ฌธ์„œ.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ดฌ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์ž ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ด€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฒ”์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง(Deep Convolutional Neural Network) ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ• ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์–ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋†’์€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ(invariant) ํŠน์ง•๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ•™์Šต์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์—”์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 6๊ฐœ ๊ณต์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ด 10๊ฐœ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ResNet 18์„ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท  91%์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ํƒ€ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ, ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ฒˆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜๋™ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ๊ฑด์„ค ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ๊ฐ„์— ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์‹œ์ผœ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ํ•™์Šต ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๋„ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.Activity recognition in construction performs as the prerequisite step in the process for various tasks and thus is critical for successful project management. In the last several years, the computer vision community has blossomed, taking advantage of the exploding amount of construction images and deploying the visual analytics technology for cumbersome construction tasks. However, the current annotation practice itself, which is a critical preliminary step for prompt image retrieval and image understanding, is remained as both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Because previous attempts to make the process more efficient were inappropriate to handle dynamic nature of construction images and showed limited performance in classifying construction activities, this research aims to develop a model which is not only robust to a wide range of appearances but also multi-composition of construction activity images. The proposed model adopts a deep convolutional neural network model to learn high dimensional feature with less human-engineering and annotate multi-labels of semantic information in the images. The result showed that our model was capable of distinguishing different trades of activities at different stages of the activity. The average accuracy of 83% and a maximum accuracy of 91% holds promise in an actual implementation of automated activity recognition for construction operations. Ultimately, it demonstrated a potential method to provide automated and reliable procedure to monitor construction activity.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research Background 1 1.2. Research Objectives and Scope 5 1.3. Research Outline 7 Chapter 2. Preliminary Study 9 2.1. Challenges with Construction Activity Image Classification Task 10 2.2. Applications of Traditional Vision-based Algorithms in Construction Domain 13 2.3. Convolutional Neural Network-based Image Classification in Construction Domain 18 2.4. Summary 21 Chapter 3. Development of Construction Image Classification Model 22 3.1. Customized Construction Image Dataset Preparation 23 3.1.1. Construction Activity Classification System 23 3.1.2. Dataset Collection 24 3.1.3. Data Pre-Processing 25 3.2. Construction Image Classification Model Framework 27 3.2.1. Multi-label Image Classification 27 3.2.2. Base CNN Model Selection 28 3.2.3. Proposed ResNet Model Architecture 29 3.3. Model Training and Validation 33 3.3.1. Transfer Learning 33 3.3.2. Loss Computation and Model Optimization 33 3.3.3. Model Performance Indicator 35 3.4. Summary 37 Chapter 4. Experiment Results and Discussion 38 4.1. Experiment Results 38 4.2. Analysis of Experiment Results 42 4.3. Summary 44 Chapter 5. Conclusion 45 5.1. Research Summary 45 5.2. Research Contributions 46 5.3. Limitations and Further Study 47 References 49 Appendix 57 Abstract in Korean 63Maste

    Improving Construction Project Schedules before Execution

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    The construction industry has been forever blighted by delay and disruption. To address this problem, this study proposes the Fitzsimmons Method (FM method) to improve the scheduling performance of activities on the Critical Path before the project execution. The proposed FM method integrates Bayesian Networks to estimate the conditional probability of activity delay given its predecessor and Support Vector Machines to estimate the time delay. The FM method was trained on 302 completed infrastructure construction projects and validated on a ยฃ40 million completed road construction project. Compared with traditional Monte Carlo Simulation results, the proposed FM method is 52% more accurate in predicting the projectsโ€™ time delay. The proposed FM method contributes to leveraging the vast quantities of data available to improve the estimation of time risk on infrastructure and construction projects

    JURI SAYS:An Automatic Judgement Prediction System for the European Court of Human Rights

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    In this paper we present the web platform JURI SAYS that automatically predicts decisions of the European Court of Human Rights based on communicated cases, which are published by the court early in the proceedings and are often available many years before the final decision is made. Our system therefore predicts future judgements of the court. The platform is available at jurisays.com and shows the predictions compared to the actual decisions of the court. It is automatically updated every month by including the prediction for the new cases. Additionally, the system highlights the sentences and paragraphs that are most important for the prediction (i.e. violation vs. no violation of human rights)

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    Legal Judgment Prediction is one of the most acclaimed fields for the combined area of NLP, AI, and Law. By legal prediction we mean an intelligent systems capable to predict specific judicial characteristics, such as judicial outcome, a judicial class, predict an specific case. In this research, we have used AI classifiers to predict judicial outcomes in the Brazilian legal system. For this purpose, we developed a text crawler to extract data from the official Brazilian electronic legal systems. These texts formed a dataset of second-degree murder and active corruption cases. We applied different classifiers, such as Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks, to predict judicial outcomes by analyzing textual features from the dataset. Our research showed that Regression Trees, Gated Recurring Units and Hierarchical Attention Networks presented higher metrics for different subsets. As a final goal, we explored the weights of one of the algorithms, the Hierarchical Attention Networks, to find a sample of the most important words used to absolve or convict defendants

    Semantic discovery and reuse of business process patterns

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    Patterns currently play an important role in modern information systems (IS) development and their use has mainly been restricted to the design and implementation phases of the development lifecycle. Given the increasing significance of business modelling in IS development, patterns have the potential of providing a viable solution for promoting reusability of recurrent generalized models in the very early stages of development. As a statement of research-in-progress this paper focuses on business process patterns and proposes an initial methodological framework for the discovery and reuse of business process patterns within the IS development lifecycle. The framework borrows ideas from the domain engineering literature and proposes the use of semantics to drive both the discovery of patterns as well as their reuse
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