830 research outputs found
Orbital Angular Momentum Waves: Generation, Detection and Emerging Applications
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) has aroused a widespread interest in many
fields, especially in telecommunications due to its potential for unleashing
new capacity in the severely congested spectrum of commercial communication
systems. Beams carrying OAM have a helical phase front and a field strength
with a singularity along the axial center, which can be used for information
transmission, imaging and particle manipulation. The number of orthogonal OAM
modes in a single beam is theoretically infinite and each mode is an element of
a complete orthogonal basis that can be employed for multiplexing different
signals, thus greatly improving the spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we
comprehensively summarize and compare the methods for generation and detection
of optical OAM, radio OAM and acoustic OAM. Then, we represent the applications
and technical challenges of OAM in communications, including free-space optical
communications, optical fiber communications, radio communications and acoustic
communications. To complete our survey, we also discuss the state of art of
particle manipulation and target imaging with OAM beams
Development of a dynamic underwater acoustic communication channel simulator with configurable sea surface parameters to explore time-varying signal distortion
A wide-band phase-coherent multi-path underwater acoustic channel simulation is developed using an approximate quantitative model of the acoustic wave response to a time-varying three-dimensional rough surface. It has been demonstrated over transmission ranges from 100 m to 8 km by experimental channel probing and comparable synthetic replication of the channel probing through the simulated channel, that the simulation is capable of reproducing fine-time-scale Doppler and delay distortions consistent with those generated in real shallow channels
Underwater Acoustic Channel Characterization of Shallow Water Environment
Understanding of channel propagation characteristics is a key to the optimal design of underwater acoustic communication. Generally, modelling of underwater acoustic channel is performed based on measurement result in certain site at certain times. Different sites might have different characteristics, each of which can generally be described by a model obtained by averaging measurement results at multiple points in the same environment. This paper describes a characterization of the underwater acoustic channel of tropical shallow water in a Mangrove estuary, which has sediment up to 60 cm at the bottom. Such a channel model is beneficial for the design of communication system in an autonomous underwater vehicle, for instance. The measurement result of delay spread parameter from three different points with the distance of 14 ~ 52 m, has various values. The root mean square (RMS) of delay spread ranges between 0.0621 ~ 0.264 ms, and the maximum delay spread varies with the value of 0.187 ~ 1.0 ms. The pdf fitting shows that Rayleigh distribution describes the fading variation more accurately than Nakagami and Ricean
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Space-time-frequency methods for interference-limited communication systems
textTraditionally, noise in communication systems has been modeled as an additive, white Gaussian noise process with independent, identically distributed samples. Although this model accurately reflects thermal noise present in communication system electronics, it fails to capture the statistics of interference and other sources of noise, e.g. in unlicensed communication bands. Modern communication system designers must take into account interference and non-Gaussian noise to maximize efficiencies and capacities of current and future communication networks. In this work, I develop new multi-dimensional signal processing methods to improve performance of communication systems in three applications areas: (i) underwater acoustic, (ii) powerline, and (iii) multi-antenna cellular. In underwater acoustic communications, I address impairments caused by strong, time-varying and Doppler-spread reverberations (self-interference) using adaptive space-time signal processing methods. I apply these methods to array receivers with a large number of elements. In powerline communications, I address impairments caused by non-Gaussian noise arising from devices sharing the powerline. I develop and apply a cyclic adaptive modulation and coding scheme and a factor-graph-based impulsive noise mitigation method to improve signal quality and boost link throughput and robustness. In cellular communications, I develop a low-latency, high-throughput space-time-frequency processing framework used for large scale (up to 128 antenna) MIMO. This framework is used in the world's first 100-antenna MIMO system and processes up to 492 Gbps raw baseband samples in the uplink and downlink directions. My methods prove that multi-dimensional processing methods can be applied to increase communication system performance without sacrificing real-time requirements.Electrical and Computer Engineerin
Low probability of detection underwater acoustic communications
Low probability of detection (LPD) underwater acoustic communications are an essential
requirement for command and control of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) or
submarines performing covert missions, avoiding their detection while communicating.
Based on low power signals, these covert communications may also extend the autonomy
of battery-operated AUVs, and contribute to reducing the impacts of the environmental
noise level on marine life. The present thesis aims to develop LPD communications
based on modeled and real data from three shallow water experiments. Thus, a superimposed
training method has been proposed. A bitstream is created superimposing a
long probe to the message before transmission. Computationally simple, the algorithm
explores temporal diversity to increase the processing gain and uses a Wiener filter for
equalization. Experimental results presented bit-error rates (BER) < 10−2 for signal-tonoise
ratios (SNR) < −8 dB. To understand the effects of coastal upwelling phenomena
over low SNR communications, a study compares the acoustic propagation for different
sound speed profiles using a propagation model and analyzes data from the BioCom’19
experiment, performed off Cabo Frio Island (Brazil). Temporal and spatial coherence of
low power signals propagating in this harsh environment are estimated, and both a criterion
for multichannel combining and a double Wiener filter to improve equalization are
presented. Passive time-reversal (pTR) techniques have been widely employed for communications.
To address the pTR channel mismatch due to the environmental variability
between the probe and the data transmissions, this work proposes a superimposed training
pTR (STpTR) approach for single and multichannel systems. Despite the high noise
levels, varying from -5 to +6 dB, the STpTR combined with a Wiener filter achieved
BER < 10−2, for bit rates up to 220 bps. To improve covert communications for AUVs,
this work also presents a study about vector sensor multichannel combining. Using the
STpTR approach, results from an experiment on the coast of Algarve/Portugal indicate
that combining the pressure and particle velocity channels of a vector sensor may provide
an average SNR and mean squared-error gain of up to 9.4 and 3.1 dB, respectively,
compared to the pressure channel. Therefore, a better understanding of the environment
combined with the superimposed training pTR using a vector sensor may improve the
LPD communication system’s performance and robustness while keeping covertness.No ´últimos anos, os trabalhos de investigação sobre comunicações acústicas submarinas
com baixa probabilidade de deteção (BPD) tem sido incentivados pela indústria, pelos
governos, e pela própria academia em razão de suas m´múltiplas aplicações. Na ´área militar, as
comunicações BPD permitem que submarinos e veículos autónomos possam se comunicar sem
serem detectados. Na ´área civil, permitem a economia de energia de sensores alimentados
por baterias, aumentando o tempo de funcionamento, bem como contribui para reduzir os
impactos sobre a vida marinha causados pelos altos n´ıveis de ru´ıdo submarino, entre outras
aplica¸c˜oes. Neste contexto, esta tese pretende desenvolver comunica¸c˜oes BPD utilizando um
modelo de propaga¸c˜ao ac´ustica e dados obtidos a partir de trˆes experimentos em ´aguas rasas.
Este trabalho apresenta um m´etodo de treinamento superposto para comunica¸c˜oes submarinas
em um ambiente com baixa rela¸c˜ao sinal/ru´ıdo, e demonstra sua aplica¸c˜ao para
comunica¸c˜oes BPD. Computacionalmente simples, o m´etodo foi desenvolvido para funcionar
com um ´único projetor acústico, transmitindo com baixa potência, e um hidrofone, sem o
ganho de um arranjo de sensores distribuídos no espaço. Antes da transmissão, uma longa
sequência de comprimento m´máximo ´e somada `a mensagem para efeitos de equalização e sincronismo.
Os dois sinais são binários, modulados em fase e possuem 2047 bits. Porém,
possuem amplitudes diferentes. Na realidade, a amplitude do sinal de treinamento ´e ligeiramente
superior `a da mensagem. Em um ambiente com baixa rela¸c˜ao sinal ru´ıdo, um sinal de
treinamento mais forte permite ocultar a mensagem a ser transmitida, bem como melhorar
o ganho para a estima¸c˜ao da resposta impulsiva e para a sincroniza¸c˜ao do sistema. A mensagem
´e composta por 3 bits nulos e 4 sequˆencias de 511 bits. Delimitados por uma curta
sequˆencia de comprimento m´aximo de 31 bits, para dupla sincroniza¸c˜ao, os pacotes de dados
possuem 480 bits e transportam o seguinte pangrama: (The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over
the Lazy Dog 0123456789!@#$). O m´etodo explora a diversidade temporal do canal, transmitindo
a mesma sequˆencia diversas vezes para aumentar o ganho de processamento do sinal
e implementar a corre¸c˜ao de erros atrav´es da soma coerente dos sinais. A resposta impulsiva
do canal ´e estimada pela transformada r´apida de Hadamard, e a equaliza¸c˜ao do sinal ´e feita
por um filtro de Wiener. A remo¸c˜ao da interferˆencia causada pelo sinal de treinamento ´e
realizada pelo m´etodo “hyperslice cancellation by coordinate zeroing (HCC0)”, e a seguir a
mensagem ´e decodificada. Resultados obtidos a partir de um experimento em ´aguas rasas,
utilizando uma fonte e um ´único hidrofone, apresentaram taxas de erro de bit menores que
10−2, para relações sinal/ruído inferiores a −8 dB.
A ressurgência costeira ´e um fenómeno oceanográfico dinâmico que modifica, profundamente,
a estratificação de temperatura do oceano, influenciando diretamente na propagação
acústica. Por outro lado, os crescentes n´níveis de ruído antropogénico não apenas reduzem
o desempenho dos sistema de comunicação, corrompendo a informação transmitida, mas tamb´em afetam a vida marinha. Para compreender os efeitos da ressurgˆencia costeira sobre
as comunica¸c˜oes com baixa rela¸c˜ao sinal/ru´ıdo, um estudo analisa os dados do experimento
BioCom’19, realizado nas proximidades da Ilha do Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). As
respostas impulsivas do canal e a propaga¸c˜ao ac´ustica, para diferentes perfis de velocidade do
som, foram estimadas usando o modelo de propaga¸c˜ao ac´ustica “Monterey-Miami Parabolic
Equation model (MMPE)”. Al´em disso, o desempenho do sistema de comunica¸c˜oes foi correlacionado
com os perfis de temperatura durante o experimento. Os resultados obtidos
indicam uma significativa redu¸c˜ao da energia ac´ustica nos receptores durante a ressurgˆencia,
degradando o desempenho do sistema.
A coerˆencia temporal e espacial dos sinais de baixa potˆencia transmitidos no experimento
BioCom’19 foi estimada, e um crit´erio para combina¸c˜ao dos sinais, provenientes dos m´ultiplos
hidrofones, foi proposto. Utilizando dados de um arranjo piramidal e um arranjo vertical
linear, de 4 hidrofones cada, a coerˆencia foi estimada antes e depois do filtro de Wiener
para mostrar o impacto do multicaminhamento sobre a taxa de erro de bit. Os resultados
mostram que a coˆerencia temporal pode ser utilizada como crit´erio para combinar sinais
consecutivos em um mesmo canal, enquanto a diversidade espacial permite a combina¸c˜ao de
m´ultiplos canais do arranjo de sensores. Sequˆencias cuja coerˆencia temporal esteja acima
de um limite pr´e-definido s˜ao somadas. A coerˆencia espacial entre canais foi estimada e
comparada em termos da taxa de erro de bit. Para diferentes taxas de transmiss˜ao, as taxas
de erro de bit est˜ao em concordˆancia com a evoluc˜ao da coerˆencia espacial. Quanto mais
elevada a coerˆencia, melhor o desempenho e menor a taxa de erro de bit.
Um duplo filtro de Wiener para melhorar a equaliza¸c˜ao dos sinais de baixa potˆencia,
durante a ressurgˆencia, tambem foi proposto. Utilizando dados dos 4 hidrofones de um
arranjo piramidal, as respostas impulsivas foram estimadas para observar a variabilidade
das condi¸c˜oes de propaga¸c˜ao. Em uma condi¸c˜ao de perfil de temperatura isot´ermico, as
respostas impulsivas apresentaram multicaminhamento curto, com chegadas mais fortes nos
receptores. `A medida que a ressurgˆencia ocorria, foram observadas quedas abruptas de
temperatura superiores a 10◦C, na posi¸c˜ao dos hidrofones, acarretando uma forte refra¸c˜ao da
onda sonora para o fundo marinho. Em consequˆencia, sinais mais fracos foram observados
nos hidrofones. Os resultados obtidos com dados do BioCom’19 mostram que, para uma
rela¸c˜ao sinal/ru´ıdo variando entre −3.9 e 7.3 dB, o duplo filtro de Wiener forneceu um
ganho do erro m´edio quadr´atico de at´e 2.8 dB, comparado com o filtro de Wiener simples.
As t´ecnicas de tempo reverso passivo (TRP) tem sido amplamente empregadas nas
comunica¸c˜oes submarinas. Por´em, as r´apidas altera¸c˜oes das condi¸c˜oes de propaga¸c˜ao em
canais submarinos variantes no tempo, durante as transmiss˜oes da sequˆencia de treinamento
e da mensagem, degradam o desempenho das t´ecnicas TRP de equaliza¸c˜ao. Assim, esse
trabalho prop˜oe um m´etodo de TRP utilizando treinamento superposto, para sistemas com
um ou m´ultiplos sensores. O m´etodo proposto utiliza uma sequˆencia de treinamento, com
o efeito Doppler corrigido, para estimar o canal e realizar o TRP. O m´etodo compara 3
differentes estrat´egias para melhorar a performance do sistema de comunica¸c˜ao: a diversidade
temporal devido aos sinais idˆenticos transmitidos continuamente, a diversidade espacial
devido aos 2 arranjos de hidrofones, piramidal e linear, com 4 hidrofones cada um, al´em da
combina¸c˜ao dos 2 arranjos (8 hidrofones). Neste m´etodo, a t´ecnica de TRP com treinamento
superposto minimiza o multicaminhamento e realiza a corre¸c˜ao de erros atrav´es da soma
coerente dos diferentes canais. A interferˆencia intersimb´olica residual ´e removida pelo filtro
de Wiener. Resultados obtidos com dados do experimento BioCom’19 mostram que o m´etodo
proposto pode fornecer um ganho do erro médio quadrático de até 1.62 dB para canais independentes, e 3.13 dB, para canais combinados, comparativamente ao m´etodo sem o TRP,
usando apenas o filtro de Wiener. Neste contexto, o m´etodo de TRP utilizando treinamento
superposto alcan¸cou taxas de erro de bit < 10−2 para uma rela¸c˜ao sinal ru´ıdo, na banda de
transmiss˜ao, variando entre −5 a +6 dB.
Focado em comunica¸c˜oes com baixa probabilidade de detec¸c˜ao para pequenos ve´ıculos
submarinos, este trabalho tamb´em apresenta um estudo sobre a combina¸c˜ao dos canais
de press˜ao e velocidade de part´ıcula dos sensores vetoriais. Os sensores vetoriais possuem
pequenas dimens˜oes, adequadas `a utilizac˜ao em ve´ıculos autˆonomos, e permitem obter um
ganho de diversidade para as comunica¸c˜oes BPD. Para testar o m´etodo de treinamento
superposto com o tempo reverso passivo utilizando sensores vetoriais, um experimento foi
realizado, em ´aguas rasas, na costa do Algarve/Portugal. Para reduzir a rela¸c˜ao sinal/ru´ıdo
para uma faixa de 0 a −10 dB, foi adicionado ru´ıdo gravado no experimento. Os resultados
experimentais indicam que a combina¸c˜ao dos canais podem fornecer um ganho da rela¸c˜ao
sinal/ru´ıdo e do erro m´edio quadr´atico de at´e 9.4 e 3.1 dB, respectivamente, comparados
com os resultados do sensor de press˜ao.
Portanto, as principais contribui¸c˜oes dessa tese s˜ao (i) a proposta do m´etodo de treinamento
superposto para comunica¸c˜oes com baixa probabilidade de detec¸c˜ao, (ii) a compreens
˜ao dos efeitos da ressurgˆencia costeira sobre as comunica¸c˜oes, e seus impactos sobre a
coerˆencia temporal e espacial, (iii) o m´etodo de treinamento superposto em conjunto com o
tempo reverso passivo para lidar com a varia¸c˜ao do canal entre o tempo de recep¸c˜ao do sinal
de treinamento e da mensagem, e (iv) a combina¸c˜ao dos m´ultiplos canais dos sensores vetoriais
para comunica¸c˜oes BPD. Dessa forma, uma melhor compreens˜ao do canal submarino
e a utiliza¸c˜ao dos m´etodos propostos combinados com sensores do estado da arte, como os
sensores vetoriais, se configura como um avan¸co neste campo do conhecimento, permitindo
aumentar a robustez do sistema BPD, bem como reduzir a probabilidade de detec¸c˜ao, mantendo
a ocultação das comunicações.I am also grateful for the sponsorship provided by the Brazilian Navy through the Postgraduate
Study Abroad Program, Grant No. Port.227/MB/2019
Amplitude and phase sonar calibration and the use of target phase for enhanced acoustic target characterisation
This thesis investigates the incorporation of target phase into sonar signal processing, for enhanced information in the context of acoustical oceanography. A sonar system phase calibration method, which includes both the amplitude and phase response is proposed. The technique is an extension of the widespread standard-target sonar calibration method, based on the use of metallic spheres as standard targets. Frequency domain data processing is used, with target phase measured as a phase angle difference between two frequency components. This approach minimizes the impact of range uncertainties in the calibration process. Calibration accuracy is examined by comparison to theoretical full-wave modal solutions. The system complex response is obtained for an operating frequency of 50 to 150 kHz, and sources of ambiguity are examined. The calibrated broadband sonar system is then used to study the complex scattering of objects important for the modelling of marine organism echoes, such as elastic spheres, fluid-filled shells, cylinders and prolate spheroids. Underlying echo formation mechanisms and their interaction are explored. Phase-sensitive sonar systems could be important for the acquisition of increased levels of information, crucial for the development of automated species identification. Studies of sonar system phase calibration and complex scattering from fundamental shapes are necessary in order to incorporate this type of fully-coherent processing into scientific acoustic instruments
Effects of errorless learning on the acquisition of velopharyngeal movement control
Session 1pSC - Speech Communication: Cross-Linguistic Studies of Speech Sound Learning of the Languages of Hong Kong (Poster Session)The implicit motor learning literature suggests a benefit for learning if errors are minimized during practice. This study investigated whether the same principle holds for learning velopharyngeal movement control. Normal speaking participants learned to produce hypernasal speech in either an errorless learning condition (in which the possibility for errors was limited) or an errorful learning condition (in which the possibility for errors was not limited). Nasality level of the participants’ speech was measured by nasometer and reflected by nasalance scores (in %). Errorless learners practiced producing hypernasal speech with a threshold nasalance score of 10% at the beginning, which gradually increased to a threshold of 50% at the end. The same set of threshold targets were presented to errorful learners but in a reversed order. Errors were defined by the proportion of speech with a nasalance score below the threshold. The results showed that, relative to errorful learners, errorless learners displayed fewer errors (50.7% vs. 17.7%) and a higher mean nasalance score (31.3% vs. 46.7%) during the acquisition phase. Furthermore, errorless learners outperformed errorful learners in both retention and novel transfer tests. Acknowledgment: Supported by The University of Hong Kong Strategic Research Theme for Sciences of Learning © 2012 Acoustical Society of Americapublished_or_final_versio
From Radio to In-Pipe Acoustic Communication for Smart Water Networks in Urban Environments: Design Challenges and Future Trends
The smart management of water resources is an increasingly important topic in today’s
society. In this context, the paradigm of Smart Water Grids (SWGs) aims at a constant monitoring through a network of smart nodes deployed over the water distribution infrastructure. This facilitates a continuous assessment of water quality and the state of health of the pipeline infrastructure, enabling early detection of leaks and water contamination. Acoustic-wave-based technology has arisen as a viable communication technique among the nodes of the network. Such technology can be suitable for replacing traditional wireless networks in SWGs, as the acoustic channel is intrinsically embedded in the water supply network. However, the fluid-filled pipe is one of the most challenging media for data communication. Existing works proposing in-pipe acoustic communication systems are romising, but a comparison between the different implementations and their performance has not yet been reported. This paper reviews existing works dealing with acoustic-based ommunication networks in real large-scale urban water supply networks. For this purpose, an overview of the characteristics, trends and design challenges of existing works is provided in he present work as a guideline for future research
Internet of Underwater Things and Big Marine Data Analytics -- A Comprehensive Survey
The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an emerging communication
ecosystem developed for connecting underwater objects in maritime and
underwater environments. The IoUT technology is intricately linked with
intelligent boats and ships, smart shores and oceans, automatic marine
transportations, positioning and navigation, underwater exploration, disaster
prediction and prevention, as well as with intelligent monitoring and security.
The IoUT has an influence at various scales ranging from a small scientific
observatory, to a midsized harbor, and to covering global oceanic trade. The
network architecture of IoUT is intrinsically heterogeneous and should be
sufficiently resilient to operate in harsh environments. This creates major
challenges in terms of underwater communications, whilst relying on limited
energy resources. Additionally, the volume, velocity, and variety of data
produced by sensors, hydrophones, and cameras in IoUT is enormous, giving rise
to the concept of Big Marine Data (BMD), which has its own processing
challenges. Hence, conventional data processing techniques will falter, and
bespoke Machine Learning (ML) solutions have to be employed for automatically
learning the specific BMD behavior and features facilitating knowledge
extraction and decision support. The motivation of this paper is to
comprehensively survey the IoUT, BMD, and their synthesis. It also aims for
exploring the nexus of BMD with ML. We set out from underwater data collection
and then discuss the family of IoUT data communication techniques with an
emphasis on the state-of-the-art research challenges. We then review the suite
of ML solutions suitable for BMD handling and analytics. We treat the subject
deductively from an educational perspective, critically appraising the material
surveyed.Comment: 54 pages, 11 figures, 19 tables, IEEE Communications Surveys &
Tutorials, peer-reviewed academic journa
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