Natural language processing

Beginning with the basic issues of NLP, this chapter aims to chart the major research activities in this area since the last ARIST Chapter in 1996 (Haas, 1996), including: (i) natural language text processing systems - text summarization, information extraction, information retrieval, etc., including domain-specific applications; (ii) natural language interfaces; (iii) NLP in the context of www and digital libraries ; and (iv) evaluation of NLP systems

Cross-Lingual Adaptation using Structural Correspondence Learning

Cross-lingual adaptation, a special case of domain adaptation, refers to the transfer of classification knowledge between two languages. In this article we describe an extension of Structural Correspondence Learning (SCL), a recently proposed algorithm for domain adaptation, for cross-lingual adaptation. The proposed method uses unlabeled documents from both languages, along with a word translation oracle, to induce cross-lingual feature correspondences. From these correspondences a cross-lingual representation is created that enables the transfer of classification knowledge from the source to the target language. The main advantages of this approach over other approaches are its resource efficiency and task specificity. We conduct experiments in the area of cross-language topic and sentiment classification involving English as source language and German, French, and Japanese as target languages. The results show a significant improvement of the proposed method over a machine translation baseline, reducing the relative error due to cross-lingual adaptation by an average of 30% (topic classification) and 59% (sentiment classification). We further report on empirical analyses that reveal insights into the use of unlabeled data, the sensitivity with respect to important hyperparameters, and the nature of the induced cross-lingual correspondences

The relationship between appreciation of riddles and Chinese text comprehension in children

The present study investigated (1) the role of riddle appreciation and reading accuracy in Chinese written text comprehension, and (2) relationship between different types of riddles and Chinese written text comprehension in 40 Cantonese-speaking children aged 9;0 to 11;0 studying in Grade 4. Due to the imperative role of metalinguistic knowledge and riddle appreciation, it was hypothesized that riddle appreciation would show high correlation with Chinese written text comprehension. The findings supported the hypothesis and previous literature that both riddle appreciation and reading accuracy were closely related to Chinese written text comprehension. Regression analyses indicated a significant linear relationship only between riddle appreciation and written text comprehension. Among lexical, morphological, orthographic, phonological, pragmatic and syntactic riddles, all riddles except phonological and pragmatic riddles were found to be significantly correlated with Chinese text comprehension. Specifically, orthographic riddles demonstrated the strongest correlation. Based on these findings, the crucial and practical role of riddle appreciation in text comprehension was highlighted.published_or_final_versionSpeech and Hearing SciencesBachelorBachelor of Science in Speech and Hearing Science

Patents information for humanities research: Could there be something?

Latour and co-authors proposed, in the Science and Technology Translation theory, to target the many SHS (Social and Human Science) questions addressed by social studies of sciences by considering, in complement to traditional academic matters, the complete social environment (political, economic or societal). Patents obviously are a potential primary information source to do so. We propose to extend this considering that recent changes have evolved in our capacity to do so. We propose three preliminary steps: (a) patent documents as providing a structured information source, (b) a patent database as a technical encyclopedia and (c) the recent expansion of the variety of uses and users in patent domains. We underline, furthermore, that minority research in the academic space does effectively use patent information, especially in SHS compared to other disciplines. We deliver an experiment to estimate the amount of data unconsidered by not questioning the huge database of the European Patent Office. By comparatively considering the terminology of the two branches of the Unesco thesaurus, namely the micro thesauri “Social and Human Sciences" and the “Information and Communication Science” branches, we evaluate a database response to the whole vocabulary. An in-depth analysis of one selected concept will complete the study. Results show that patent information may provide a quantity of documents for a wide range of academic research questions, from strategic to state of the art, and position advances aside from the Social Studies of Science. The free open source tool is also a way to practice digital humanities expected skills on real world corpora

PIUG: Patent Information Users Group, Inc.: A History of The International Society for Patent Information Professionals

Efforts to view and analyze patents began soon after the first patents were filed in the novel system founded in the U.S. Constitution. In the succeeding 200 plus years, classification and indexing tools have evolved from paper to digital, with searching demanding ever-higher skills. Answering the need of patent researchers and analysts for advocacy, scholarship, and professional education, leading searchers founded the Patent Information Users Group, Inc., now the pre-eminent professional organization for patent searchers in the United States. It offers formal coursework for prospective patent searchers, colloquia, and conferences where novice searchers can master their craft. Searchers, who often work in isolation, benefit from the support network and collegiality of PIUG. Patent searching is both challenging and rewarding. It is vital for individuals seeking to secure rights to intellectual property and contributes to research in many fields: history, economics, finance, management, sociology, law, medicine, and government policy. It is a career path for academic and special librarians with knowledge of the sciences behind the inventions and is a core skill for those preparing for careers in the sciences and technology fields. Skills and applications for patent knowledge receive little treatment in college curriculum, leaving it to the individual to discover the range of tools, strategies, and practical uses of patents. This article describes the developments in patent searching technology and the work of PIUG’s founders and members that led to its creation, growth, and successes in professional education, advocacy, and outreach. Keywords: PIUG, patent searchers, professional education, librarian

Using skipgrams and POS-based feature selection for patent classification

Contains fulltext : 116289.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)19 p

The influence of returnee technology executives on enterprise innovation: the innovation patent data of global exchange market listed companies

In this paper, the innovation patent data of 344 Chinese Global Exchange Market (GEM) listed companies from 2014 to 2018 is manually collected, and the effect of returnee technology executives (RTEs) on enterprise innovativeness is examined based on the empirical theory of the high ladder team. The study finds that RTEs promote enterprise innovation and that this effect persists after controlling for endogeneity and self-selection problems. By comparing the difference in the effect of RTEs on breakthrough innovation and non-breakthrough innovation, the study found that RTEs had a more significant role in promoting enterprise breakthrough innovation. Furthermore, through executive group analysis, it is found that Returnee Technology Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) have more potently positive effect on promoting enterprise innovation especially breakthrough innovation and RTEs exert greater prominence in fostering innovation in companies across developed coastal areas. The research theoretically expands and deepens the investigation on the rapport between enterprise executive characteristics and innovation, highlights the importance of the human capital of overseas returnees in practice, and has a certain guiding significance for enterprise talent introduction policies

Naming and discourse production : a bilingual anomic case study

Though numerous studies have reported language recovery patterns in bilingual speakers with aphasia in Indo-European languages, studies of bilingual Chinese speaker with aphasia are not found. This paper presents a Cantonese-Mandarin bilingual speaker with aphasia and compares his performance in each dialect by examining both lexical retrieval and discourse production. Contrary to the expectations that he would perform differently in both dialects, results suggested that asymmetries in performance may be less likely found among structurally similar languages. Results also revealed word class effects in the absence of language effects in object and action naming. Further investigation on pattern of recovery in different modalities of structurally similar languages would contribute to studies of recovery pattern in bilingual Chinese speakers with aphasia.published_or_final_versionSpeech and Hearing SciencesBachelorBachelor of Science in Speech and Hearing Science