Prebiotic-like effects of berry polyphenols on the gut microbiota : akkermansia muciniphila and its molecular adaptation mechanisms to phenolics

Les liens entre le microbiote intestinal, la diète et les désordres métaboliques sont maintenant établis. Les polyphénols des petits fruits affectent les bactéries pathogènes dans le côlon, et stimulent les bactéries symbiotiques, particulièrement Akkermansia muciniphila chez l'homme et dans des modèles murins. Cette bactérie muciphile contribue à l'homéostasie intestinale et induit une réponse immunitaire et métabolique bénéfique chez l'hôte. Cependant, on comprend mal comment les polyphénols peuvent sélectivement l'affecter et l'analyse traditionnelle métagénomique obtenue d'études in vivo n'offre qu'une image partielle des mécanismes impliqués. Cette thèse vise à évaluer, par des approches in vivo et in vitro, comment les polyphénols modifient le microbiote intestinal, la morphologie de l'épithélium du colon, la niche écologique d'Akkermansia, et par extension affectent le métabolisme de souris soumises à une diète obésogène. Une attention particulière a été portée à l'effet de ces composés sur la croissance d'A. muciniphila et les mécanismes moléculaires qu'ils induisent chez la bactérie. Dans un premier chapitre, l'effet des poudres de fruits canneberge et de bleuets riches en polyphénols et leurs fractions fibreuses a été étudié chez des souris soumises à une diète obésogène (HFHS) pendant 8 semaines afin d'évaluer lesquels des polyphénols ou des fibres sont responsables de l'effet prébiotique observé. Cette étude a démontré que ce sont surtout les polyphénols contenus dans les poudres de canneberges et de bleuets entiers qui sont responsables de l'action prébiotique, notamment en stimulant A. muciniphila. En effet, la poudre de canneberge comme celle de bleuets inhibent particulièrement les pathogènes induits par la diète HFHS. En outre, l'analyse de redondance fonctionnelle a révélé que la consommation de poudre de canneberge riche en polyphénols permettait au microbiote de souris obèses de retrouver les fonctions de celui de souris maigres. Ces souris présentaient un poids et une efficacité énergétique inférieurs à celui des souris non traitées. De plus, d'autres bactéries symbiotiques étaient favorisées par les poudres de fruits entiers : Muribaculaceae, Dubosiella newyorkensis et Eggerthellaceae. Fait intéressant, les fibres de canneberge inhibaient également les pathogènes, favorisaient des bactéries dégradant les polyphénols et réduisaient les triglycérides hépatiques chez les souris obèses. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le potentiel des polyphénols, même lorsqu'ils sont associés aux fibres, à atténuer les désordres métaboliques. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à identifier les catégories de polyphénols impliquées dans l'accroissement du nombre de bactéries symbiotiques et particulièrement d'A. muciniphila. Les souris soumises à une diète obésogène ont été traitées avec un extrait de bleuet ou trois de leurs fractions polyphénoliques : F1, riches en anthocyanes et en acides phénoliques; F2, riche en oligomères de proanthocyanidines (PACs) ainsi qu'en flavonols; et F3 riches en polymères de PACs. Ces sous-fractions ont été administrées aux souris dans les mêmes concentrations que celles retrouvées dans l'extrait entier. Globalement, les fractions polyphénoliques ont restauré l'épaisseur de la couche de mucus, mais particulièrement les fractions riches en PACs ont significativement stimulé A. muciniphila, tout en améliorant la proportion de cellules caliciformes et le métabolisme du glucose chez les souris obèses. Enfin le dernier chapitre s'intéresse aux mécanismes par lesquels les polyphénols favorisent la croissance de A. muciniphila dans l'intestin. Des cultures d'A. muciniphila ont donc été effectuées dans des milieux enrichis en polyphénols afin d'évaluer les gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme cellulaire et dans la résistance aux antimicrobiens; les pompes à efflux non spécifiques, les polysaccharides capsulaires (CPS), les exopolysaccharides (EPS), les transporteurs de type ABC-2 et de resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) ont joué un rôle crucial dans la résistance et l'adaptation de la bactérie aux polyphénols. La croissance d'A. muciniphila n'a pas été inhibée par l'extrait de canneberge entier ni par ses fractions polyphénoliques, mais elle a été stimulée par l'urolithine-A. Cette expérience in vitro a démontré que les polymères de PACs favorisent davantage les mécanismes d'adaptation antimicrobienne impliqués dans la protection des parois cellulaires et la régulation énergétique chez Akkermansia. Parallèlement à l'urolithine-A, les polymères de PACs ont induit la production du CPS et du EPS chez A. muciniphila. Ces CPS/EPS pourraient contribuer aux rôles immunomodulateur et anti-obésité d'A. muciniphila et par conséquent constituer des postbiotiques prometteurs. Cette thèse démontre la sélectivité des polyphénols, principalement des PACs, dans l'inhibition des pathogènes associés à l'obésité et dévoile les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent leurs effets prébiotiques sur A. muciniphila.The link between gut microbiota, diet and metabolic diseases is now established. Polyphenols from berries and other dietary sources have been shown to inhibit opportunistic pathogens and stimulate symbiotic bacteria, particularly Akkermansia muciniphila in humans and animals. A. muciniphila is a mucus-living bacterium shown to contribute to the intestinal homeostasis and to drive beneficial immune and metabolic response in the host. However, it is not yet known how polyphenols can selectively affect A. muciniphila from in vivo studies, since regular metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota only provide a partial picture of the mechanisms involved. This thesis aims to determine, through in vivo and in vitro approaches, the prebiotic effect of polyphenols and how they affect the physiology and intestinal morphology and the ecological niche of Akkermansia in obesogenic diet-fed mice. Particularly, it focusses on the molecular capacity of A. muciniphila to induce defence mechanisms and adapt to distinct polyphenolic fractions. In the first chapter, in order to assess which constituent of berries was responsible for the prebiotic action, we compared the effect of the dietary supplementation with polyphenol-rich cranberry and blueberry fruit powders to their respective fibrous fractions (cell wall polysaccharides) of high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) fed mice for 8-weeks. We demonstrated that the polyphenols from cranberry and blueberry fruit powders are mainly responsible for the selective prebiotic effects on A. muciniphila rather than their fibre-rich fractions. Both cranberry and blueberry whole fruit powders inhibited HFHS-induced pathobionts associated with obesity. A functional redundancy analysis revealed that the gut microbiota functions of obese mice were remarkably changed by polyphenol-rich whole cranberry powder, restoring it back to that observed in lean mice; that is, they presented lower body weight and energy efficiency as compared to untreated mice. Furthermore, other symbiotic bacteria were influenced by polyphenol-rich berry powders, notably Muribaculaceae, Dubosiella newyorkensis, and the polyphenol-degrading Eggerthellaceae; these mice presented a lower body weight and energy efficiency as compared to untreated mice. Surprisingly, cranberry fibrous fraction also inhibited pathobionts and promoted polyphenol-degrading families and reduced the hepatic triglycerides level in HFHS-fed mice. Altogether, these findings highlight the role of polyphenols associated with fibres, in attenuating obesity. The second chapter aimed to identity which polyphenolic category was mostly responsible for the prebiotic effect and the abundance of A. muciniphila. HFHS-fed mice were treated with a whole blueberry extract and with the three constitutive polyphenolic fractions: F1, rich in anthocyanins and phenolic acids, F2, rich in oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs) and flavonols, and F3 rich polymeric PACs. These sub-fractions were administered to mice at the same concentration as encountered in the whole extract. All in all, the polyphenolic fractions restored the mucus thickness, but the PAC-rich fractions besides stimulating A. muciniphila, increased the proportion of goblet cells and improved the glucose homeostasis in obese mice. Finally, the third chapter looks at the mechanisms by which polyphenols promote the growth of A. muciniphila. Growing assays of A. muciniphila were carried out in polyphenols enriched media in order to assess the expression of genes involved in cell metabolism and antimicrobial resistance. Genes coding for multidrug efflux pumps, capsular polysaccharide (CPS) family, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and ABC-2 type and resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) transporters were shown to play a crucial role in allowing the bacteria to withstand the different cranberry polyphenolic fractions and adapt to the stress they caused. A. muciniphila growth was not inhibited by the whole cranberry extract neither by its polyphenolic fractions, but enhanced by the phenolic metabolite urolithin-A. Moreover, we showed that the polymeric PACs were triggering most intensively the antimicrobial adaptation mechanisms involved in cell-wall protection and energy management in A. muciniphila. Both of these fractions up-regulated CPS and EPS in A. muciniphila. CPS/EPS secretion in presence of polyphenols might represent promising post-biotic products, possibly involved in the immune modulatory and anti-obesity potential by A. muciniphila. Altogether, this thesis demonstrates for one of the first times that berry polyphenols and their PAC-rich fractions are responsible for the prebiotic-like effect on A. muciniphila, and the inhibition of specific pathobionts associated with obesity and unveils the molecular mechanisms underpinning the resilience of this bacterium to phenolics

Book of abstracts of the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference: CHEMPOR 2008

This book contains the extended abstracts presented at the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference - CHEMPOR 2008, held in Braga, Portugal, over 3 days, from the 4th to the 6th of September, 2008. Previous editions took place in Lisboa (1975, 1889, 1998), Braga (1978), Póvoa de Varzim (1981), Coimbra (1985, 2005), Porto (1993), and Aveiro (2001). The conference was jointly organized by the University of Minho, “Ordem dos Engenheiros”, and the IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering with the usual support of the “Sociedade Portuguesa de Química” and, by the first time, of the “Sociedade Portuguesa de Biotecnologia”. Thirty years elapsed since CHEMPOR was held at the University of Minho, organized by T.R. Bott, D. Allen, A. Bridgwater, J.J.B. Romero, L.J.S. Soares and J.D.R.S. Pinheiro. We are fortunate to have Profs. Bott, Soares and Pinheiro in the Honor Committee of this 10th edition, under the high Patronage of his Excellency the President of the Portuguese Republic, Prof. Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The opening ceremony will confer Prof. Bott with a “Long Term Achievement” award acknowledging the important contribution Prof. Bott brought along more than 30 years to the development of the Chemical Engineering science, to the launch of CHEMPOR series and specially to the University of Minho. Prof. Bott’s inaugural lecture will address the importance of effective energy management in processing operations, particularly in the effectiveness of heat recovery and the associated reduction in greenhouse gas emission from combustion processes. The CHEMPOR series traditionally brings together both young and established researchers and end users to discuss recent developments in different areas of Chemical Engineering. The scope of this edition is broadening out by including the Biological Engineering research. One of the major core areas of the conference program is life quality, due to the importance that Chemical and Biological Engineering plays in this area. “Integration of Life Sciences & Engineering” and “Sustainable Process-Product Development through Green Chemistry” are two of the leading themes with papers addressing such important issues. This is complemented with additional leading themes including “Advancing the Chemical and Biological Engineering Fundamentals”, “Multi-Scale and/or Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Process-Product Innovation”, “Systematic Methods and Tools for Managing the Complexity”, and “Educating Chemical and Biological Engineers for Coming Challenges” which define the extended abstracts arrangements along this book. A total of 516 extended abstracts are included in the book, consisting of 7 invited lecturers, 15 keynote, 105 short oral presentations given in 5 parallel sessions, along with 6 slots for viewing 389 poster presentations. Full papers are jointly included in the companion Proceedings in CD-ROM. All papers have been reviewed and we are grateful to the members of scientific and organizing committees for their evaluations. It was an intensive task since 610 submitted abstracts from 45 countries were received. It has been an honor for us to contribute to setting up CHEMPOR 2008 during almost two years. We wish to thank the authors who have contributed to yield a high scientific standard to the program. We are thankful to the sponsors who have contributed decisively to this event. We also extend our gratefulness to all those who, through their dedicated efforts, have assisted us in this task. On behalf of the Scientific and Organizing Committees we wish you that together with an interesting reading, the scientific program and the social moments organized will be memorable for all.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Scientific, Health and Social Aspects of the Food Industry

This book presents the wisdom, knowledge and expertise of the food industry that ensures the supply of food to maintain the health, comfort, and wellbeing of humankind. The global food industry has the largest market: the world population of seven billion people. The book pioneers life-saving innovations and assists in the fight against world hunger and food shortages that threaten human essentials such as water and energy supply. Floods, droughts, fires, storms, climate change, global warming and greenhouse gas emissions can be devastating, altering the environment and, ultimately, the production of foods. Experts from industry and academia, as well as food producers, designers of food processing equipment, and corrosion practitioners have written special chapters for this rich compendium based on their encyclopedic knowledge and practical experience. This is a multi-authored book. The writers, who come from diverse areas of food science and technology, enrich this volume by presenting different approaches and orientations

Dynamics in Logistics

This open access book highlights the interdisciplinary aspects of logistics research. Featuring empirical, methodological, and practice-oriented articles, it addresses the modelling, planning, optimization and control of processes. Chiefly focusing on supply chains, logistics networks, production systems, and systems and facilities for material flows, the respective contributions combine research on classical supply chain management, digitalized business processes, production engineering, electrical engineering, computer science and mathematical optimization. To celebrate 25 years of interdisciplinary and collaborative research conducted at the Bremen Research Cluster for Dynamics in Logistics (LogDynamics), in this book hand-picked experts currently or formerly affiliated with the Cluster provide retrospectives, present cutting-edge research, and outline future research directions

Systemic circular economy solutions for fiber reinforced composites

This open access book provides an overview of the work undertaken within the FiberEUse project, which developed solutions enhancing the profitability of composite recycling and reuse in value-added products, with a cross-sectorial approach. Glass and carbon fiber reinforced polymers, or composites, are increasingly used as structural materials in many manufacturing sectors like transport, constructions and energy due to their better lightweight and corrosion resistance compared to metals. However, composite recycling is still a challenge since no significant added value in the recycling and reprocessing of composites is demonstrated. FiberEUse developed innovative solutions and business models towards sustainable Circular Economy solutions for post-use composite-made products. Three strategies are presented, namely mechanical recycling of short fibers, thermal recycling of long fibers and modular car parts design for sustainable disassembly and remanufacturing. The validation of the FiberEUse approach within eight industrial demonstrators shows the potentials towards new Circular Economy value-chains for composite materials

Systemic Circular Economy Solutions for Fiber Reinforced Composites

This open access book provides an overview of the work undertaken within the FiberEUse project, which developed solutions enhancing the profitability of composite recycling and reuse in value-added products, with a cross-sectorial approach. Glass and carbon fiber reinforced polymers, or composites, are increasingly used as structural materials in many manufacturing sectors like transport, constructions and energy due to their better lightweight and corrosion resistance compared to metals. However, composite recycling is still a challenge since no significant added value in the recycling and reprocessing of composites is demonstrated. FiberEUse developed innovative solutions and business models towards sustainable Circular Economy solutions for post-use composite-made products. Three strategies are presented, namely mechanical recycling of short fibers, thermal recycling of long fibers and modular car parts design for sustainable disassembly and remanufacturing. The validation of the FiberEUse approach within eight industrial demonstrators shows the potentials towards new Circular Economy value-chains for composite materials