대한민국에 중국의 국가 이미지와 사드 배치

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공),2019. 8. 이근.중국이 최근 해외에서의 국가 이미지 제고를 위해 수억 달러를 투자했음에도 불구하고, 중국에 대한 인상은 오히려 악화됐다. 극단적인 예로 한반도 내 고고도미사일방어 체계 (THAAD) 배치에 대한 중국의 대응을 들 수 있다. 이러한 미국의 체제에 대한 항의의 일환으로 중국은 한국을 대상으로 비공식적 경제 보복을 감행했다. 상황의 개선을 위해 한국 정부는 여러 측면에서 뒤로 물러섰으며 그 결과, 한국 대중의 중국에 대한 여론은 심각하게 나빠졌다. 본 논문은 중국일보(China Daily)의 THAAD 에 대한 권력자 차원의 담론 및 한국 일간지의 중국의 행동에 대한 프레이밍(framing) 분석을 통해 한국 내 중국의 이미지에 부정적인 영향을 미친 요인을 살펴보았다. 심리학 차원의 분석은 중국은 한국이 THAAD 를 포기하도록 압박하기 위해 간접적 위협을 가했다고 주장한다. 하지만 그렇게 함으로써, 중국에 대한 한국 대중의 신뢰가 감소하였고 부정적인 의견이 증가되였다. 이러한 대응은 결국 중국의 소프트 파워와 국가 이미지 관리 전략에 헛점이 있음을 드러나게 했을뿐 아니라, 향후 동북아시아의 국제관계에 있어 부정적 영향을 미칠 수도 있음에 따라 안보 전략의 실패로 볼 수 있다. 한국 대중은 중국에 대해 부정적인 이미지를, 미국에 대해서는 긍정적인 이미지를 갖게 됐다. 담론 분석 결과, 미국의 전략적 균형(strategic balancing)이 중국에 있어 가장 중요한 사안임에 따라, 미-중 간 긴장이 고조될수록 한국 대중의 중국에 대한 부정적 이미지는 심각한 문제가 될 수 있다. 이에 따라, 본 논문은 한-중 간 관계 개선을 위해서는 양국 간 새로운 논쟁적 상호작용 (argumentative interaction) 접근이 필요함을 주장한다.While China has invested billions of dollars in recent years to promote its national image abroad, public perceptions of China have become more negative in many parts of the world. This thesis examines this phenomenon through the recent case of the THAAD dispute between the Peoples Republic of China and the Republic of Korea in order to understand how Chinas strategic approach undermined its own image with the Korean public. Through an analysis of elite Chinese discourse and a framing analysis of Korean media it attempts to understand why China was ineffective in persuading the Korean public of its position on the deployment of the US anti-missile system and to examine the factors that led to the downturn in Chinas image. Adopting Lee and Pinkers psycholinguistic approach to indirect communication, it argues that China used an indirect form of threat to attempt to shift itself into a more dominant position in its relations with Korea in order to pressure it to drop its commitment to THAAD. However, in doing so and by using economic levers in the dispute, its perceived trustworthiness among the Korean public fell dramatically over the course of the dispute causing an increase in negative opinions of China. As well as highlighting flaws in the Chinese understanding of soft power and the importance of international audiences perceptions to its success, this represents a wider strategic failure which could have serious implications for the future of East Asia. Polling data shows that the dispute did not only sour Korean attitudes towards China, it simultaneously strengthened positive attitudes towards the US. Given that concerns about US strategic balancing was one of the main themes of Chinese discourse surrounding the THAAD dispute, this represents a serious strategic oversight as well as a potential threat should tensions between the two powers escalate. This thesis argues for a new argumentative interaction approach to relations between China and her neighbours to prevent similar issues in future and in order to avoid ramping up US-China tensions in the Asia Pacific region which would not be of benefit to either party.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Purpose of Research 2 1.3 Background 4 Chapter 2. Literature review 6 2.1. National Image and Competitive Identity 6 2.2. Discourse Analysis 8 2.3. Framing Analysis 10 2.4. Sino-Korean Relations 12 Chapter 3. Research Design 16 3.1. Research Question 16 3.2. Theoretical Framework 17 3.2.1. Discourse analysis 17 3.2.2. Framing analysis 18 3.2.3 Psycholinguistic approach to indirect communication 19 3.3. Methodology 23 3.4. Discourse analysis 24 3.4.1. Sampling and coding method 24 3.5. Framing analysis 25 3.5.1. Sampling method 25 3.5.2. Coding method 26 3.6. Limitations 27 Chapter 4. Chinas National Image strategy 30 4.1. Chinas national image management 30 4.2. Chinas soft power discourse 31 4.3. Chinas soft power activities in Korea 34 4.4. Potential strategic weaknesses in the Chinese approach 36 Chapter 5. Chinas discourse on the THAAD dispute 41 5.1. Chinese newspapers 41 5.2. Protecting Chinese national interests 42 5.3. US strategic balancing 43 5.4. Boycott as individual choice 47 5.5. Restrictions due to other legitimate reasons 51 5.6. Conclusion 54 Chapter 6. Korean newspaper framing of the THAAD dispute 57 6.1. Framing analysis 57 6.2. Sample 57 6.3. Findings 61 6.4. Conclusion 69 Chapter 7. Findings and Implications 72 7.1. Effect on Korean public opinion 72 7.2. Technical misunderstandings and strategic differences 76 7.3. The dangers of bringing economics to a diplomacy fight 78 7.4. Communication problems 80 7.5. Flaws in national image management approach 81 7.6. Impact of security concerns about US on regional relations 84 7.7. Policy recommendation 85 Chapter 8. Conclusion 87 References 92Maste

The Globalization of Cosmetic Surgery: Examining BRIC and Beyond

What is driving the globalization of cosmetic surgery? Using BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) countries as a model, this master\u27s thesis systematically identifies and analyzes (1) the origins of cosmetic surgery in historical, regional, and country-specific terms, and (2) examples of how cosmetic surgery has become normalized. As a result, clear patterns emerge in regards to: embedded power structures related to racism and war; the results of Western interests rapidly opening countries’ markets to high media and corporate influence—especially in the wake of political oppression and austerity; the exacerbation of pre-existing class, color, race, and gender prejudice by hyper-consumerism; the perception of the beauty industry and global beauty pageants as a gateway to the modern world\u27s stage; and the practice of “Westernized” cosmetic surgery becoming synonymous with concepts of status, upward mobility, and a social transition to global citizenship. These overall patterns allowed for the subsequent analysis of a third key question: (3) Who ultimately benefits from mass-consumer cosmetic surgery? Following a comprehensive comparative analysis and a sustained theoretical framework concluding with a Foucauldian explanation of relationships of force, I argue that the globalization of cosmetic surgery is driven by pre-existing sociohistorical power structures that serve the status quo—benefitting exclusionary cultural, cosmetic, and corporate systems from the West (and those who run them), and thereby precluding authentic opportunities for individual enfranchisement via cosmetic surgery on a macro level. Furthermore, I argue that by constructing and labeling modernity in terms that benefit the status quo and reflect historical relationships of force, developed nations maintain hegemonic control in their own image; meaning that fast-developing countries must follow existing neoliberal consumer models if they want to enter the global stage—and look the part. Accordingly, the racist and bellicose discursive origins of cosmetic surgery are an inconvenient truth that modern cosmetic surgery culture seeks to ignore in order to self-perpetuate and evolve with the demands of capitalism. Recommendations for future study in this field include the industries of medical tourism, skin lightening products, and tissue harvesting, as well as an expanding market of cosmetic surgery for teens and children

Heritagising the everyday : the case of Muyuge

Ever since the commencement of the new millennium, intangible cultural heritage, the cultural concept and campaign promoted by the UNESCO has rapidly spread the world. In China, thousands of traditional cultures and everyday practices have been absorbed into the intangible heritage system over the past decade, which is reshaping people\u27s perception and engagement with everyday life and traditions. Intangible cultural heritage as an \u27imported\u27 concept has been highly localised and resituated in contemporary China. I seek to examine how intangible heritage as a prevalent cultural phenomenon incorporates everyday practices into regional and national narratives in China in light of the marketization of traditional culture and the political and cultural agenda of \u27the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation\u27. Furthermore, I attempt to historicise the concept of heritage in China\u27s history of modernisation especially since around the establishment of the PRC in 1949. Through the historicised approach, I aim to demystify the imaginary of heritage and interrogate how cultural heritage turns from something to be reformed in the revolutionary era to something to be \u27protected\u27 and \u27preserved\u27 in the consumer society. Under such scope, l examine in detail the changes of mwywge (木鱼歌),a former popular everyday practice in the Pearl River Delta area, as it successively becomes an intangible heritage ofthe provincial and national levels. Despite its prevalence, muyuge was peripheral, marginalised in the both the cultural and geographical senses. I contextualise muyuge in the economic restructuring of the Pearl River Delta area and analyse the process of an everyday practice being reconstructed as an intangible heritage. Based on fieldwork interviews, policy analysis and media analysis, I particularly examine the reconstruction of muyuge\u27s performing practices, the reshaping of muyuge practitioners and its connection with the restructuring of an industrial town. I argue that intangible heritage is gradually replacing previous values and understanding of folk culture with ideas of capital, market and nationalistic identities, and that the autonomy of everyday life has been dissolved and re-incorporated into the dominant discourse

Reconstructing the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Daily Life in the 19th Century City: A Historical GIS Approach

In recent years, historians and historical geographers have become interested in the use of GIS to study historical patterns, populations, and phenomena. The result has been the emergence of a new discipline, historical GIS. Despite the growing use of GIS across geography and history, the use of GIS in historical research has been limited largely to visualization of historical records, database management, and simple pattern analysis. This is, in part, due to a lack of accessible research on methodologies and spatial frameworks that outline the integration of both quantitative and qualitative historical sources for use in a GIS environment. The first objective of this dissertation is to develop a comprehensive geospatial research framework for the study of past populations and their environments. The second objective of this dissertation is to apply this framework to the study of daily life in the nineteenth-century city, an important area of scholarship for historical geographers and social historians. Other daily life studies have focused on various experiences of daily life, from domestic duties and child rearing to social norms and the experience of work in early factories. An area that has received little attention in recent years is the daily mobility of individuals as they moved about the ‘walking city’. This dissertation advances our understanding of the diurnal patterns of daily life by recreating the journey to work for thousands of individuals in the city of London, Ontario, and its suburbs in the late nineteenth century. Methodologies are created to capture past populations, their workplaces, and their relationship to the environments they called home. Empirical results outline the relationship between social class, gender, and the journey to work, as well as how social mobility was reflected through the quality of individuals’ residential and neighbourhood environments. The results provide a new perspective on daily mobility, social mobility, and environment in the late nineteenth-century city. Results suggest that individuals who were able to be upwardly socially mobile did so at the expense of substantial increases in their journey to work

The effect of functional role on language choice in newspapers.

Available from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN049161 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

The Chinese film industry : features and trends, 2010-2016

The thesis will analyse the evolution of the Chinese film industry between 2010 and 2016. During this period, the Chinese film industry experienced rapid development and underwent massive structural change and expansion. The years 2010 to 2016, also gave rise to a number of important events and phenomena within the Chinese film industry, including technological changes that impacted upon traditional entertainment practices, new Internet-driven innovations, an enormous influx of capital, generous government incentives and an overall explosion in media saturation and popularity. My research poses the following questions; what are the key features of the Chinese film industry between 2010 and 2016? What developments transpired within the Chinese film industry between the years 2010 and 2016 and how might we understand and rationalise these contemporary trends. This thesis adopts a political economy approach. It is the assertion of my research that developments within the Chinese film industry must be considered within the wider socio-economic and political context of contemporary China. This thesis provides a macro-level study of the contemporary Chinese film industry, with focus given to four key areas of research, namely policy, production, distribution and exhibition. These four study areas provide a fitting entry point to better understand the shifting dynamics of the Chinese film industry between 2010 and 2016. The intention of this thesis is to map out contemporary trends within the Chinese film industry. My research, aimed at both academics and industry insiders alike, adopts an industry perspective with the aim of both enriching further scholarship on Chinese cinema, while simultaneously serving as a source of knowledge and understanding for those working within the industry. It is hoped that this thesis will enhance further the academic studies on Chinese cinema by providing an industrial bedrock upon which additional analysis can be based, while also providing the industry with insight that will facilitate the continued health and sustainability of cinema in China."This work was supported by the Institute for Global Cinema and Creative Cultures - IGCCC [waiver scholarship, 2015]." -- Fundin

A comparative study of late-imperial and early-republican private property rights institutions, as measured by their effects on Shanghai's early financial markets

This research presents an analysis of Shanghai's two separate, parallel but simultaneously coexisting institutional environments, one operating under control of the Chinese central government, and the other under an extraterritorial system defined by foreign (mainly British, American, and French) political and legal conceptualisations. This institutionally dichotomic condition characterised Shanghai for over one hundred years, from the mid-nineteenth to midtwentieth centuries, throughout the course of amid tumultuous political upheaval shaping the domestic political landscape. The nature of these parallel institutional environments in large part reflected the period's political events; the era's political turmoil, via their impact on the nature of institutional protections on private property, contract, and investor rights, concomitantly helped determine Shanghai's economic development, including the development of the city's financial markets. While China's broader domestic institutional framework over this period has received considerable attention in the literature, there exists debate regarding the nature of the strength and efficacy of the domestic institutional environment, particularly in regard to issues pertaining to state capacity and protection of private property rights. This debate is reflective of similar debate within Chinese economic history, one that has portrayed China's late-imperial and republican economic growth as signified mostly by failure, yet with recent revisionist work providing intriguing empirical evidence suggesting considerably stronger economic growth to have occurred throughout the period. In a parallel manifestation, a robust revisionist literature has presented an effective challenge to the standard conventional literature has tended to view the domestic institutional environment over the period as inherently weak and ineffective. In this research project, we utilise Shanghai's unique dualistic institutional setting over this period to help address this debate in the literature. Specifically, we identify how differences between these two institutional frameworks impacted economic actors' behaviour, with a particular emphasis on the revealed preferences displayed by investors acting within Shanghai's early financial markets. To undertake our analysis, we construct an original dataset based on archival records of bond and equity prices that traded on Shanghai's early stock exchanges. The market pricing and trading activity associated with similarly constructed financial instruments, differing primarily in terms of the issuer –whether a domestic or extraterritorial entity– reflect the differing perceptions that contemporaneous investors ascribed to the broader institutional environments. This economic and financial historical research project therefore utilises analysis of contemporaneous investor perceptions to examine not only Shanghai's early financial markets, but also to draw broader conclusions regarding Shanghai's dual institutional environment from a comparative perspective, as well as providing a new viewpoint on a long-standing debate in the literature regarding the efficacy and strength of China's domestic institutional foundations over the late-imperial and early republican time period