Quality of service routing for real-time traffic

Imperial Users onl

Measuring And Improving Internet Video Quality Of Experience

Streaming multimedia content over the IP-network is poised to be the dominant Internet traffic for the coming decade, predicted to account for more than 91% of all consumer traffic in the coming years. Streaming multimedia content ranges from Internet television (IPTV), video on demand (VoD), peer-to-peer streaming, and 3D television over IP to name a few. Widespread acceptance, growth, and subscriber retention are contingent upon network providers assuring superior Quality of Experience (QoE) on top of todays Internet. This work presents the first empirical understanding of Internet’s video-QoE capabilities, and tools and protocols to efficiently infer and improve them. To infer video-QoE at arbitrary nodes in the Internet, we design and implement MintMOS: a lightweight, real-time, noreference framework for capturing perceptual quality. We demonstrate that MintMOS’s projections closely match with subjective surveys in accessing perceptual quality. We use MintMOS to characterize Internet video-QoE both at the link level and end-to-end path level. As an input to our study, we use extensive measurements from a large number of Internet paths obtained from various measurement overlays deployed using PlanetLab. Link level degradations of intra– and inter–ISP Internet links are studied to create an empirical understanding of their shortcomings and ways to overcome them. Our studies show that intra–ISP links are often poorly engineered compared to peering links, and that iii degradations are induced due to transient network load imbalance within an ISP. Initial results also indicate that overlay networks could be a promising way to avoid such ISPs in times of degradations. A large number of end-to-end Internet paths are probed and we measure delay, jitter, and loss rates. The measurement data is analyzed offline to identify ways to enable a source to select alternate paths in an overlay network to improve video-QoE, without the need for background monitoring or apriori knowledge of path characteristics. We establish that for any unstructured overlay of N nodes, it is sufficient to reroute key frames using a random subset of k nodes in the overlay, where k is bounded by O(lnN). We analyze various properties of such random subsets to derive simple, scalable, and an efficient path selection strategy that results in a k-fold increase in path options for any source-destination pair; options that consistently outperform Internet path selection. Finally, we design a prototype called source initiated frame restoration (SIFR) that employs random subsets to derive alternate paths and demonstrate its effectiveness in improving Internet video-QoE

Medium Term Business Cycles

Over the postwar, the U.S., Europe and Japan have experienced what may be thought of as medium frequency oscillations between persistent periods of robust growth and persistent periods of relative stagnation. These medium frequency movements, further, appear to bear some relation to the high frequency volatility of output. That is, periods of stagnation are often associated with significant recessions, while persistent booms typically are either free of recessions or are interrupted only by very modest downturns. In this paper we explore the idea of medium term cycles, which we define as reflecting the sum of the high and medium frequency variation in the data. We develop a methodology for identifying these kinds of fluctuations and then show that a number of important macroeconomic time series exhibit significant medium term cycles. The cycles feature strong procyclical movements in both disembodied and embodied technological change, research & development, and the efficiency of resource utilization. We then develop a model to explain the medium term cycle that features both disembodied and embodied endogenous technological change, along with countercyclical markups and variable factor utilization. The model is able to generate medium term fluctuations in output, technological change, and resource utilization that resemble the data, with a non-technological shock as the exogenous disturbance. In particular, the model offers a unified approach to explaining both high and medium frequency variation in aggregate business activity.BUSINESS CYCLE; ENDOGENOUS TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE.

Study of BGP Convergence Time

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), a path vector routing protocol, is a widespread exterior gateway protocol (EGP) in the internet. Extensive deployment of the new technologies in internet, protocols need to have continuous improvements in its behavior and operations. New routing technologies conserve a top level of service availability. Hence, due to topological changes, BGP needs to achieve a fast network convergence. Now a days size of the network growing very rapidly. To maintain the high scalability in the network BGP needs to avoid instability. The instability and failures may cause the network into an unstable state, which significantly increases the network convergence time. This paper summarizes the various approaches like BGP policies, instability, and fault detection etc. to improve the convergence time of BGP

Robust concurrent remote entanglement between two superconducting qubits

Entangling two remote quantum systems which never interact directly is an essential primitive in quantum information science and forms the basis for the modular architecture of quantum computing. When protocols to generate these remote entangled pairs rely on using traveling single photon states as carriers of quantum information, they can be made robust to photon losses, unlike schemes that rely on continuous variable states. However, efficiently detecting single photons is challenging in the domain of superconducting quantum circuits because of the low energy of microwave quanta. Here, we report the realization of a robust form of concurrent remote entanglement based on a novel microwave photon detector implemented in the superconducting circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) platform of quantum information. Remote entangled pairs with a fidelity of $0.57\pm0.01$ are generated at $200$ Hz. Our experiment opens the way for the implementation of the modular architecture of quantum computation with superconducting qubits.Comment: Main paper: 7 pages, 4 figures; Appendices: 14 pages, 9 figure

Assessing functional activity of astrocytes by calcium imaging: how do astrocytes respond to the electrophysiological microenvironment

Apesar de não serem capazes de produzir potenciais de acção, é sabido que os astrócitos integram as sinapses, sendo capazes de detectar e responder a estímulos externos com dinâmicas de cálcio espaciotemporalmente complexas, podendo modelar a transmissão sináptica. O objectivo deste projecto é avaliar as dinâmincas de cálcio dos astrócitos através da modelação do seu microambiente electrofisiológico. Para tal, culturas de astrócitos foram estimuladas recorrendo a ThinMEAs©, monitorizando a actividade de cálcio. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os astrócitos respondem a estímulos de ±600mV ou ±800mV, gerando uma onda de cálcio que se propaga para células vizinhas. A amplitude, tempo de subida e velocidade de propagação da onda de cálcio está dependente do estímulo, sendo que um estímulo de maior amplitude resulta numa resposta de maior amplitude, demorando mais tempo a atingir o seu pico máximo mas atingindo distâncias mais longas. Apesar de preliminares, estes resultados indicam que os astrócitos são capazes de detectar e responder a mudanças eléctricas externas. Desta forma, os astrócitos são células electricamente excitáveis, possivelmente através do seguinte mecanismo: a estimulação leva à abertura dos canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes de maneira dependente da voltagem, que irá sensibilizar o retículo endoplasmático resultando numa cascata de libertação de cálcio, gerando uma onda de cálcio que se irá propagar através de junções comunicantes ou gliotransmissão vesicular.Although not able to generate action potentials, it is known that astrocytes integrate synapses, being able to sense and respond to external stimuli with complex calcium dynamics, having the ability to shape synaptic transmission. The aim of this project is to assess astrocytic calcium dynamics upon the modulation of their eletrophysiological microenvironment. To accomplish this, astrocyte cultures were electrically stimulated using ThinMEAs© while monitoring their calcium activity. Obtained data showed that astocytes respond to a ±600mV or ±800mV stimulus by generating a calcium wave which propagates to neighboring cells. The amplitude, rise time and propagation velocity of the calcium wave is dependent on the stimulus, with a higher stimulation amplitude leading to a higher response amplitude, wich takes longer to reach its maximum peak but reach a larger distance. Although preliminary, these results indicate that astrocytes are able to sense and respond to changes of the electrical environment. In this way, astrocytes are electrically excitable cells, possibly due to the following mechanism: electrical stimulation causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open in a voltage-dependent manner, which will sensitize the endoplasmic reticulum leading to a cascade of calcium releases, generating a calcium wave, which will propagate through gap junctions or vesicular gliotransmission