The LLAB model for quantifying colour appearance

A reliable colour appearance model is desired by industry to achieve high colour fidelity between images produced using a range of different imaging devices. The aim of this study was to derive a reliable colour appearance model capable of predicting the change of perceived attributes of colour appearance under a wide range of media/viewing conditions. The research was divided into three parts: characterising imaging devices, conducting a psychophysical experiment, and developing a colour appearance model. Various imaging devices were characterised including a graphic art scanner, a Cromalin proofing system, an IRIS ink jet printer, and a Barco Calibrator. For the former three devices, each colour is described by four primaries: cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K). Three set of characterisation samples (120 and 31 black printer, and cube data sets) were produced and measured for deriving and testing the printing characterisation models. Four black printer algorithms (BPA), were derived. Each included both forward and reverse processes. A 2nd BPA printing model taking into account additivity failure, grey component replacement (GCR) algorithm gave the most accurate prediction to the characterisation data set than the other BPA models. The PLCC (Piecewise Linear interpolation assuming Constant Chromaticity coordinates) monitor model was also implemented to characterise the Barco monitor. The psychophysical experiment was conducted to compare Cromalin hardcopy images viewed in a viewing cabinet and softcopy images presented on a monitor under a wide range of illuminants (white points) including: D93, D65, D50 and A. Two scaling methods: category judgement and paired comparison, were employed by viewing a pair of images. Three classes of colour models were evaluated: uniform colour spaces, colour appearance models and chromatic adaptation transforms. Six images were selected and processed via each colour model. The results indicated that the BFD chromatic transform gave the most accurate predictions of the visual results. Finally, a colour appearance model, LLAB, was developed. It is a combination of the BFD chromatic transform and a modified version of CIELAB uniform colour space to fit the LUTCRI Colour Appearance Data previously accumulated. The form of the LLAB model is much simpler and its performance is more precise to fit experimental data than those of the other models

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow : technologies for accelerating sustainable synthesis

The global climate crisis has driven society to strive for sustainability across all industries in order to combat anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. For over a century, utilisation of solar irradiation has been an attractive but challenging solution to providing sustainable energy, leading to significant academic and industrial research and development of a wide range of light harvesting technologies, such as photovoltaics and, more recently, photocatalysis. Simultaneously, society is progressing rapidly towards a fourth industrial revolution, with automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning being broadly adopted throughout industry and academic research. Within chemistry, these technologies are driving the development of automated synthesis platforms that can rapidly perform and analyse chemical reactions, quickly exploring a vast chemical space to find optimised conditions. Enabling technologies for synthesis, such as flow chemistry and in-line process analytical tools, are critical to these efforts as they provide the physical means to automate altering reaction conditions and data collection which enable machine learning algorithms to search chemical space and self-optimise. The combination of heterogeneous photocatalysis and enabling technologies is a promising strategy to provide sustainable and continuous photosynthetic processes for the chemical industry. However, the efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalysts remains a significant challenge that must be overcome through material design and reactor engineering. Within this thesis, we discuss our recent contributions to this field, including the development of new polymer-supported photocatalyst materials which share advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysts. Additionally, we demonstrate enabling technologies such as flow chemistry, additive manufacturing, and in-line analysis as powerful tools for enhancing heterogeneous photocatalysis. Furthermore, we present the development of an entirely new technology for automated flow (photo)synthesis and purification: in-line flash chromatography

Neurobehavioral and mechanistic sub-lethal studies in aquatic toxicology on potential micro-pollutants.

Additive manufacturing (three-dimensional [3D] printing) is a rapidly developing industry that uses solid and liquid polymers during the production process. By 2027, the 3D printing industry is estimated to be a US$16 billion industry; however, the toxicity of 3D-printed polymers and chemical components leaching into aquatic systems remains largely unknown. The main objective of this research project was to evaluate the toxicity of 3D-printed polymer leachates as an emerging micropollutant. To achieve this objective, 3D-printing polymer extract acquired from Form 1 clear photoreactive resin, used in FormLabs SLA 3D printers, was studied. To determine its biological toxicity, a panel of standard ecotoxicological experiments was employed, using Danio rerio embryos, Daphnia magna, Brachionus calyciflorus, Paramecium caudatum, and Aliivibrio fischeri. The results confirmed the toxicity of the leachate, the main component of which was identified as the known cytotoxic photoinitiator compound 1- hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (1-HCHPK) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the leaching rate and stability of the compound were determined using GC-MS. In further studies conducted using Danio rerio embryos, lower hatching rates and developmental abnormalities were observed. The development of oxidative stress caused by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was studied by exposing the abovementioned embryos to leachates and 1-HCHPK with a battery of bioassays. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (MDA), protein carbonyl, and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) were used as oxidative stress markers, and the results obtained from all the bioindicators revealed elevated levels of target compounds in the presence of the leachate. Oxidative stress development caused by ROS formation is known to induce apoptosis. This study hypothesised that the developmental and behavioural abnormalities and oxidative stress observed were caused by the apoptosis of early embryo developing cells. The apoptosis of the embryos exposed to the leachate was studied using a caspase-3 whole-mount immunohistochemistry assay as well as through quantifying externalised phosphatidylserine residues with Annexin-V transgenic zebrafish embryos. The results revealed an increase in apoptotic cells in the exposed embryos. Furthermore, the Annexin-V transgenic fish embryos exposed to leachate with ROS inhibitor exhibited a reduced number of apoptotic cells, indicating apoptosis caused by ROS formation. The caspase-3 whole-mount immunohistochemistry assay conducted with pan-kinase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk confirmed that the cellular demise primarily occurred through caspase-mediated apoptosis. These results confirmed the relationship between oxidative stress and cell apoptosis caused by the leachate. Neurotoxicity and neurobehavioural toxicity of the polymer leachate were studied with embryo (ESA assay) and larval (LPR assay) behavioural analysis, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assay, AlamarBlue assay, and neurone and skeletal muscle development using transgenic embryos. Diminished behavioural capacity was observed in embryos and larvae in the presence of the leachate. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos exposed to the leachate showed decreases in neurotransmitter AChE. The AlamarBlue and AChE assays revealed a reduced metabolic rate, which in combination with the apoptosis explained the impact of the leachate on the organisms’ behaviour. After observing the toxicity of the Form 1 clear photoreactive resin polymer leachate, three water treatment techniques (exposure to simulated sunlight, UV irradiation, and activated charcoal filtering) were conducted on the polymer leachate to remove itstoxicity. Among them, activated charcoal filtration was found to be the most effective approach. Polymer leachate filtered by activated charcoal exhibited diminished or reduced toxicity in all five standard ecotoxicological experiments conducted on Danio rerio embryos, Daphnia magna, Brachionus calyciflorus, Paramecium caudatum, and Aliivibrio fischeri. Furthermore, GC-MS chemical analysis revealed the absence of 1-HCHPK in the treated polymer leachate. Furthermore, a high-throughput, semiautomated video capturing, and behavioural analysis protocol was developed using zebrafish early embryo spontaneous behaviour (ESA), which was used to identify the behavioural alterations of environmental pollutants using chorionated and dechorionated embryos. The results proved this newly developed protocol to be faster, more sensitive, and with a higher-throughput than conventional lethal toxicity tests. Therefore, it was used for analysing the behavioural alterations of zebrafish embryos in the presence of polymer leachate obtained from 3D-printed objects developed using Form 1 clear photoreactive resin

Design revolutions: IASDR 2019 Conference Proceedings. Volume 3: People

In September 2019 Manchester School of Art at Manchester Metropolitan University was honoured to host the bi-annual conference of the International Association of Societies of Design Research (IASDR) under the unifying theme of DESIGN REVOLUTIONS. This was the first time the conference had been held in the UK. Through key research themes across nine conference tracks – Change, Learning, Living, Making, People, Technology, Thinking, Value and Voices – the conference opened up compelling, meaningful and radical dialogue of the role of design in addressing societal and organisational challenges. This Volume 3 includes papers from People track of the conference

5th International Conference. Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage YOCOCU. Book of abstracts.

Depto. de Mineralogía y PetrologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEYouth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage - YOCOCU EspañaMuseo Centro de Arte Reina Sofía MNCARSFundación Reina Sofíapu

PROCEEDINGS 5th PLATE Conference

The 5th international PLATE conference (Product Lifetimes and the Environment) addressed product lifetimes in the context of sustainability. The PLATE conference, which has been running since 2015, has successfully been able to establish a solid network of researchers around its core theme. The topic has come to the forefront of current (political, scientific & societal) debates due to its interconnectedness with a number of recent prominent movements, such as the circular economy, eco-design and collaborative consumption. For the 2023 edition of the conference, we encouraged researchers to propose how to extend, widen or critically re-construct thematic sessions for the PLATE conference, and the paper call was constructed based on these proposals. In this 5th PLATE conference, we had 171 paper presentations and 238 participants from 14 different countries. Beside of paper sessions we organized workshops and REPAIR exhibitions